Forces and Braking (quick recap) 10/11/2021

Does a distraction affect your reaction time?

Prediction: Write what you expect to happen.
EQUIPMENT:
 30 cm ruler
 Fall distance–reaction time chart
 A distraction.

  Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3 Attempt 4 Attempt 5 Mean (cm)

No distraction            
fall (cm)
Distraction fall            
(cm)

Example using a fall distance of 5 cm (0.0 m):

  2× 𝑑
Reaction time: t
Distance dropped: d 𝑡=
9.81 √  
𝑡=
2× 0.05 t = 0.100 s or 100 milliseconds
√ 9.81
Typical values range from 0.2 s to 0.9s.
 Sink or Float?
For each of the objects shown, decide if it will sink or float.
Floating ships – How?

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The average mass of a cruise ship is 50,000 tonnes. How

does it float on water?
 In deep waters
If an inflatable is held under water and then let go, what do you expect to
happen?
It will go up.
Why?
It floats.
Yes, but why does it float and what do
you call the force that makes it go up?

We will answer why things float in this lesson.

The force that makes the inflatable go

up is called, UPTHRUST.

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 Upthrust
What exactly is ‘Upthrust’?
Upthrust is the upward force that a (fluid) liquid or gas
exerts on a body (or object) floating in it.

You feel upthrust

from water when
you swim, this is
why you feel
lighter
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 Floating – How?
When an object is
lowered into water, it Water equal to the
displaces (moves) volume of the rock has
some of the water. been displaced.

• The more the object is lowered into the water, the greater the
amount (or volume) of water displaced.
• A fully immersed object displaces an equal volume of water as the
object.
 Archimedes’ Principle
Weight

An object totally or partially

immersed in a fluid is subject to
an upward force equal in
magnitude (size) to the weight
of fluid it displaces.

This principle is very important and explains how

large objects like large boats float.
Upthrust
In use…
There are special treadmills which
‘VIDEO’ are designed with a tank of water
around them so you can run whilst
in water. These are used by injured
athletes and people with mobility
issues.

How is this useful?

The water provides upthrust to the
body making the runner ‘lighter’.
The lower amount of weight on the
runners legs puts less stress and
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Experiment: Investigating Upthrust
1) Weigh the object with a 2) Repeat the previous step but
newton scale. Record its with the object placed halfway
weight. into water. Record its weight.

3) Repeat again but with the object fully

immersed in water. Record its weight.

Object Weight Weight ½ Weight fully

4) Repeat for different (N) immersed immersed
(N) (N)
objects.
Recording your results A
in the table. B
C
 Archimedes’ Principle
What affect will lowering the
object into water have on the
measured weight?

The weight of an
object is found to be The upthrust provided by the
5 N, using a newton water is equal to the weight of
meter. the displaced water, 2N.

What would happen if

the object was
lowered further into
the water?
 Floating – How?
An object floats when its weight is equal to the
upthrust provided by the fluid.

‘VIDEO’

An object sinks when its weight is greater than the

upthrust provided by the fluid.

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 Sink or Float?
For each of the objects shown, decide if it will sink or float.

Depends on how fresh or

old the egg is! The density of diet cola is
less than water, where as
Fresh eggs sink
for regular cola it is not.
Old eggs float

Cola typically contains 39

g of sugar where as diet
cola contains 125 mg of
sweetener

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 Some recap…
How do you calculate mass? density (kg/m3)

mass (kg)
 
𝑚=𝑉 × ρ
Volume (m3)

How do you calculate pressure exerted by fluids height?

density (kg/m3) height (m)

Pressure (N/m2 or
Pascals)
 
𝑝=𝜌 × 𝑔 ×h Gravity (N/kg or m/s2)
 Pressure Difference
•the  object
The pressure difference (Δp) between the top and bottom of
is given by:
Δ Weight
= density of the liquid
g = 9.8 N/kg
h = height of object

 The difference in force between the top and bottom of the

object is given by: h
ΔF
= Area of object
  h = Volume

  ΔF UPTHRUST Upthrust

𝑚= ρ× 𝑉
 

 
𝐹=𝑚 × 𝑔=ρ ×𝑉 × 𝑔
 Pressure Difference
The difference in force between the top and bottom of the
object is given by:
Weight
102.9 N
 
𝐹=ρ ×𝑉 × 𝑔
For an object of volume 0.01 m3 fully immersed in
water, calculate the upthrust.
ρwater= 1000 kg/m3 g = 9.8 N/kg
 
𝐹=1000 ×0.01 × 9.8=98 𝑁
If the mass of the object is 10.5 kg, will the object
float or sink? Upthrust
98 N

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡=𝑚 × 𝑔=10.5 ×9.8=102.9 𝑁

 

The weight is greater than the upthrust,

therefore it will sink.
 Review Questions
1) What are the
An objects volumebiggest factors
and density which affects
compared whether
to the displaced an object
volume of fluid will
Asink or float
partially in determines
water?
(or totally) submerged whether
objectobjects sink ora float.
experiences greater pressure on the
bottom surface than on the top surface. This creates a resultant force upwards.
2) Explain how upthrust This causes object
force is called theto float in water.
upthrust.
3) Ice floats in water, what does this tell you about the density of
This suggest the density of ice is less than that of liquid water.
ice compared to liquid water?
4) A Explain howwith
balloon filled a balloon filled with
helium displaces air of helium is able
greater weight to the
than float in the
helium air.
filled
balloon. The density of helium is less than the density of air.
5) An object weighed using a Newton meter reads 20 N. As the
object is lowered into water it reads 14.5 N.
a) Explain why the reading changes.
When the object is lowered into the water, the water provides upthrust to
b) How much the upthrust is being
object which goesprovided
against the by the
force water?
of weight.

5.5 N of upthust are exerted against the object from the water.
 Review Questions

6) A football has of volume 0.006 m3 and mass 0.4 kg.

a) Calculate the upthrust
Upthrust = 0.006onm3the football
x 1000 kg/mif3 held
x 9.8under
N/kg =water.
58.8 N
b) Predict if the ballWeight
with float
= 0.4orkgsink, explain
x 9.8 N/kg =your
3.92answer.
N
The football will float as the upthrust is greater than the weight.

7) A brick has density 1500 kg/m3 and with dimensions 0.2m x 0.1 m x
0.075 m. If the brick =is 0.2
Volume dropped in m
m x 0.1 water
x 0.075 m = 0.0015 m3
a) Calculate the upthrust
Upthrust = 0.0015exerted on brick.
m3 x 1000 kg/m3 x 9.8 N/kg = 14.7 N
b) Predict if the ball with float or sink, explain your answer.
0.02 m
Weight = 0.0015 m3 x 1500 kg/m3 x 9.8 N/kg = 22.05 N
The brick will sink as the upthrust is0.075less
m than the weight.

0.01 m

ρwater= 1000 kg/m3 g = 9.8 N/kg

 Review Questions
8) Given the following variable:
Mass of balloon = 80 kg
Volume of balloon = 1200 m3
Density of Helium = 0.18 kg/m3
Density of Air = 1.3 kg/m3

a) Calculate the upthrust produced by

the balloon.
Force = 1200 m3 x 1.3 kg/m3 x 9.8 N/kg = 15288 N
b) Calculate how much mass the balloon can
lift. Weight of Helium = 1200 m3x 0.18 kg/m3 x9.8 N/kg = 2117 N
Resultant force= Upthrust – Weight = 15288 – 2117 – (80 x 9.8) = 12387 N

Maximum Mass to lift = 12387 N ÷ 9.8 N/kg = 1264 kg

How do submarines float and sink?
Submarines have ’ballast tanks’ that can be filled with water or air.
To float the ballast tanks are filled
with air and the submarine's overall
density is less than that of the To sink the ballast tanks are flooded with
surrounding water. water and the air is vented from the
submarine until its overall density is greater
than the surrounding water and the
submarine begins to sink 

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