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Types of Sentences in Academic Writing

Here are three compound sentences using the different methods: 1. Coordinating conjunction: The sun was shining brightly; however, thick clouds began to roll in. 2. Conjunctive adverb: I finished my homework early; consequently, I had time to watch a movie. 3. Semicolon: The guests arrived on time; they were seated for dinner.

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167 views37 pages

Types of Sentences in Academic Writing

Here are three compound sentences using the different methods: 1. Coordinating conjunction: The sun was shining brightly; however, thick clouds began to roll in. 2. Conjunctive adverb: I finished my homework early; consequently, I had time to watch a movie. 3. Semicolon: The guests arrived on time; they were seated for dinner.

Uploaded by

saad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture no.

17-19
Faculty of Education
Date: 10 April 2017 ELT Department

Academic Writing II
Week 8: Types of
Sentences
Prepared by: Hiwa Ali
MA Creative Writing
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 009647501554338
Overview
 Types of clauses
 Types of sentences
 Using (1) coordinators, (2) conjunctive
adverbs, and (3) semicolons to create
compound sentences.
Elements of a text
Letter a, b, c, … z
Word car
Phrase a blue car
Clause while I was driving a blue car
Sentence I was driving a blue car.
Paragraph …
Essay …
Clause
What is a clause?

A group of words that contains a subject and a


verb.

While I was driving a blue car …


Which one is a clause?
 to protect the nature
 public speaking is an art
 after eating a sandwich
 because pollution causes cancer
Allergy
New medical research on allergy
Analysing the model
Exercise 1: Read the two drafts about allergy and try to identify the
improvements that author made in the second draft.
Answer key
1. The author combined sentences 1–7 in the first draft into
sentences 1–4 in the second draft.
2. but, for, although
3. Combining sentences made it easier to read and made the
relationships among the ideas clearer.
4. First draft: 15, second draft: 10
5. The writer combined sentences 8 and 9 with because,
added On the other hand, to sentence 11 (now 7), combined
sentences 13 and 14 (now 9) with because, and started that
last sentence with Thus.
6. Draft 2 is easier to read because the ideas are clearly
connected to each other.
Types of clauses
• Independent clauses vs. dependent clauses

While I was driving the blue car, the police stopped me.

The police stopped me. (independent clause)

While I was driving the blue car…


(dependent clause)
Dependent clauses
• It is formed with a subordinator
Independent (Indep.) or dependent (Dep.)?

_____ If Denise comes to class late


_____ Let’s start the music
_____ I’ll tell her the assignment
_____ When Ronnie gets here
_____ Which I bought last weekend
_____ The battery is defective
Indep. + Dep.
• When Ronnie gets here, let’s start the music.
• If Denise comes to class late, I’ll tell her the
assignment.
• The battery which I bought last weekend is
defective
Review: Clauses
State whether the following are (a) Independent
clause, (b) Dependent clause, (c) Phrase:

• to save up money for college studies


_________________
• my mother wanted me to study it
_________________
• studying mathematics in a prestigious university
_________________
• because I hate dealing with numbers
_________________
• as soon as I went through the university gates into the car park
_________________
Sentence Types
What is a sentence?
• A sentence is at least one independent clause.
• It expresses a complete thought

Which type is best to use?


Sentence types
1. A simple sentence
2. A compound sentence
3. A complex sentence
4. A compound-complex sentence
Sentence types
Sentence Independent Dependent
Types clause (main) clause
(subordinate)
Simple 1 0
Compound 2 or more 0
Complex 1 1 or more
Compound 2 or more 1 or more
-Complex
1. SIMPLE SENTENCES
• It is one independent clause.

• Laila went to the book fair.


• Laila and Ronnie went to the book fair.
• Zagros cleaned his room, wore his suit, and went
to dinner at Farooq.
• Ronnie, Bob and Alice went to dinner, and saw a
play at the local theatre.
1. SIMPLE SENTENCES
• It is one independent clause.

• Laila went to the book fair.


• Laila and Ronnie went to the book fair.
• Zagros cleaned his room, wore his suit, and went
to dinner at Farooq.
• Ronnie, Bob and Alice went to dinner, and saw a
play at the local theatre.
Exercise
1. Write a simple sentence with one subject and one verb.
_______________________________________________

2. Write a simple sentence with one subject and two verbs.


________________________________________________

3. Write a simple sentence with two subjects and one verb.


________________________________________________

4. Write a simple sentence with two subjects and two verbs.


________________________________________________
Remember!
• Count the clauses!

By hanging on to the window ledge, Barbara


was able to escape the fire in her room.
Compound sentences
Sentence Independent Dependent
Types clause (main) clause
(subordinate)

Compound 2 or more 0
2. COMPOUND SENTENCES
Two Independent clauses (or more) joined
together.
A. With a coordinator
The weather is beautiful today, so I’ll take a walk.
B. With a conjunctive adverb
The weather is beautiful today; therefore, I’ll take a walk
today.
C. With a semicolon
The weather is beautiful today; I’ll take a walk.
A. Coordinators (coordinating conjunctions)
• FAN BOYS
Note!
• In compound sentences, the independent
clauses should relate to each other logically.

Obama is a former US president, and my


roommate has allergy to cats.
Nor (=and not)
• She isn’t bright. She isn’t hardworking.

• We do not like reading books. We don’t like


watching films.

• He doesn’t like chess. He doesn't like tennis.

• I can’t understand English. I can’t speak English.


2. a. I am very bad at math, ________ my parents want me to study
engineering.

b. I want to study art, _______ my parents want me to study engineering.


Answer will vary. Possible answers include:
1. a. yet
b. but
2. a. yet
b. but
B Answers will vary. Possible answers include:
2. The accidents at nuclear power plants in the United States and the Soviet
Union created fears about the safety of this energy source, and the disaster at
Fukushima in Japan in 2011 confirmed them.
3. Solar heating systems are economical to operate, but the cost of installation is
very high.
4. Energy needs are not going to decrease, nor are energy sources going to
increase.
5. Burning fossil fuels causes serious damage to our planet, so we need to
develop other sources of energy.
6. Ecologists know that burning fossil fuels causes holes in the ozone layer, yet
people continue to do it.
7. Developed nations especially will continue this harmful practice, for they
require more energy to fuel cars, air conditioning, and other modern luxuries.
8. All nations of the world must take action, or our children and grandchildren
will suffer the consequences.
B. Conjunctive adverbs p.179
Conjunctive adverbs
Exercise: Forming compound sentence with
Conjunctive Adverb (p 180)
• Tuition fees increase every year
______________________________________
____________________________________

• The class thought the teacher would give a


last week
______________________________________
____________________________________
C. Forming a Compound Sentence with a
semicolon
• Some students started writing assignments
others soon followed.
• The practise of Yoga strengthens the body and
promotes flexibility it also strengthens the
mind and refreshes the soul.
• Three hundred guests attended his wedding
two hundred his funeral.
Exercise: Use the three methods to combine simple
sentences into compound sentences

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