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The Divide-And-Conquer Paradigm

Divide-and-conquer algorithms break down a problem into smaller subproblems, solve those subproblems recursively, and then combine the results into a solution for the original problem. Merge sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that works by dividing an array into two halves, recursively sorting each half, and then merging the two sorted halves back together. The time complexity of merge sort can be analyzed using recursion trees or iteration and is O(n log n).

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Abdul Mateen
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44 views9 pages

The Divide-And-Conquer Paradigm

Divide-and-conquer algorithms break down a problem into smaller subproblems, solve those subproblems recursively, and then combine the results into a solution for the original problem. Merge sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that works by dividing an array into two halves, recursively sorting each half, and then merging the two sorted halves back together. The time complexity of merge sort can be analyzed using recursion trees or iteration and is O(n log n).

Uploaded by

Abdul Mateen
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms

• The divide-and-conquer paradigm


• Divide the problem into a number of subproblems.
• Conquer the subproblems (solve them).
• Combine the subproblem solutions to get the solution to the
original problem.

• Merge sort:
• Divide the n-element sequence to be sorted into two n/2-element
sequence.
• Conquer: sort the subproblems, recursively using merge sort.
• Combine: merge the resulting two sorted n/2-element sequences.
Merge Sort: A Divide-and-Conquer Algorithm
MergeSort(A, p, r) T(n)
1. If p < r then (1)
2. q   (p+r)/2 (1)
3. MergeSort (A, p, q) T(n/2)
4. MergeSort (A, q +1, r) T(n/2)
5. Merge(A, p, q, r) (n)
Recurrence: Analyzing Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms
• Describes a function recursively in terms of itself.
• Describes performance of recursive algorithms.
• Recurrence for a divide-and-conquer algorithms
 (1), if n  c
T (n)  
aT (n / b)  D ( n )  C ( n ),otherwise
• a: # of subproblems
• n/b: size of the subproblems
• D(n): time to divide the problem of size n into subproblems
• C(n): time to combine the subproblem solutions to get the answer for the problem
of size n
• Merge sort:
 (1), if n  c
T (n)  
2T ( n / 2)   ( n ),otherwise
• a = 2: two subproblems
• n/b = n/2: each subproblem has size  n/2
• D(n) = (1): compute midpoint of array
• C(n) = (n): merging by scanning sorted subarrays
Solving Recurrences

• Some general methods for solving recurrences


Recursion Tree Method
Iteration Method

• Two simplifications that won't affect asymptotic


analysis
• Ignore floors and ceilings.
• Assume base cases are constant, i.e., T(n) = (1) for small n.
Merge Sort Recurrence: Recursion Tree Method
 (1) , if n=1
T (n)  
 2 T(n/2) +  (n ) , if n >1

 (n lg n) grows more slowly than (n2).


• Thus merge sort asymptotically beats insertion
sort in the worst case.
Merge Sort Recurrence: Iteration Method
T(n) = 2 T(n/2) + n
T(n/2) = 2(T(n/4)) + n/2
2T(n/2) = 2(2(T(n/4)) + n/2)
2T(n/2) = 4T(n/4) + n
T(n) = 4T (n/4) + 2n
T(n/4) = 2T(n/8) + (n/4)
4T(n/4) = 4(2T(n/8)) + (n/4)
4T(n/4) = 8T(n/8) + n
T(n) = 8T(n/8) + 3n
Continuing in this manner, we obtain
T(n) = 2lgn T(n/2lgn) + lgn.n
T(n) = nT(n/n) + nlgn 2lgn = n
T(n) = nT(1) + nlgn
T(n) = n + nlgn
T(n) = (nlgn)
Divide and Conquer

1. Divide the problem into a number of


subproblems
 There must be base case (to stop recursion).

2. Conquer (solve) each subproblem recursively

3. Combine (merge) solutions to subproblems


into a solution to the original problem
Binary Search
• Very efficient algorithm for searching in sorted array:
K
vs
A[0] . . . A[m] . . . A[n-1]
• If K = A[m], stop (successful search); otherwise, continue
searching by the same method in A[0..m-1] if K < A[m]
and in A[m+1..n-1] if K > A[m]
l  0; r  n-1
while l  r do
m  (l+r)/2
if K = A[m] return m
else if K < A[m] r  m-1
else l  m+1
return -1
Analysis of Binary Search

• Time efficiency
• worst-case recurrence: T (n) = T(n/2 ) + 1, T (1) = 1
solution: T (n) = logn
This is VERY fast: e.g., T(106) = 20

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