DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SHAVIGE MALLESHWARA HILLS, KUMARSWAMY LAYOUT, BANGALORE-78

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Approved by AICTE &ISO 9001: 2008 Certified
Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ Grade & NBA

Department of Electrical & electronics Engineering

MINI PROJECT PRESENTATION ON “AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT”

COMPILED BY - AYUSH KUMAR 1DS18EE082

SACHIN PANDIT 1DS18EE100
ABHISHEK KUMAR 1DS18EE072
ABHAY PAL 1DS18EE070

BATCH NO - 14

GUIDED BY – PROF. KAVITHA K

ASST. PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
 Abstract
 Wastage of power is a major issue for our country and also globally.

 Unnecessary glowing of street lights is one of the main cause for power

wastage.

 The present system is to switch on and off the street lights manually.

 Manual operation is prone to errors.

 Lots of power gets wasted due to our ignorance.

 We can see street lights glowing unnecessarily during the daytime also.

 There is shortage of power evident everywhere and street lights are one of

the main reasons of power consumption.

 Introduction
 The idea of designing a new streetlight system that do not consume huge

amount of electricity and illuminate large area with high intensity of light is

major concern for every engineer working in this field .

 Street lighting is a particularly critical concern for public authorities in

developing countries because of its strategic importance for economic and

social stability.

 Inefficient lighting wastes significant financial resources every year, and poor

lighting creates unsafe conditions .

 The current trend is the introduction of automation and remote management

solutions to control street lighting.

 Per day cost of electricity used in street light
 
 Power required for main street light = 70W

= 0.07 KW 0.07KW * 12hours = 0.84 KWh

Cost per day per street light = 0.84KWh * 5.7 = 4.788 Rs. Per light

 Power required for Highway road light = 110W

= 0.11 KW 0.11KW * 12hours = 1.32 KWh

cost per day per street light = 1.32KWh * 5.7 = 7.524 Rs. Per light
Customer survey
 We found this problem of street lights glowing unnecessarily in day time and

also in remote areas and villages of our country.

 Also in the outskirts of the cities these problems were found.

 Surveys reveals that when many villagers were asked about this serious

problem they replied that , no one is actually alert or that much interested in

switching off the light when sufficient amount of light is present.

 Existing system

 Manual effort is required to switch “on” and “off” the street lights according

to requirement.

 Lots of people and resources are involved in this manual effort which is just a

waste of countries’ resources.

 Existing method is outdated and lacks automation .

 We need to eliminate this manual operation of street light.

 Our solution
 The basic idea is to automate the process of switching the lamps.

 Our main idea is to develop a circuit which can automatically detect the

darkness and switch on the lights and also the circuit should be able to switch

off the light automatically upon detection of sufficient light in the

environment .

 We want to make the process of switching sensitive and automatic.

 With the advancement in semiconductor industry we are motivated to make

use of semiconductors and make the technologies automatic and wireless.

 We believe that our idea is better than existing system.

 Objective
 The main consideration in the present field technologies are automation,

power consumption and cost effectiveness.

 Power saving is the main motive forever as sources of power (thermal , hydro)

are getting diminished day by day .

 The main intention is to make automatic street power saving by using

LDR(light dependent resistor).

 The saved power will be prove to be assets for our economy .

 We will be trying to provide the solution with cost effectiveness.

 Methodology
 In our project we are using LDR, which varies its resistance according to the

amount of light falling on its surface, this give an indication for us whether it

is a day/night time.

 Transistor will be working as a switch .

 the variable resistors along with the LDR will form potential divider circuit

and accordingly the LED will turn ON/OFF.

 A darkness detector circuit will be formed in which LDR’s resistance will vary

according to the light intensity falling on it which in turn will be push the

transistor in cutoff mode or saturation mode and LED’s will turn on and off

respectively.
 MAIN COMPONENTS

BATTERY LED
9V

RESISTOR
LDR
TRANSISTOR

Transistor as switch
HOW DOES LDR WORKS –
• LDR has high resistance because there are few electrons that are free to move – the
vast majority of electrons are in valence band
• As light falls on the semiconducting material the electrons in the valence band get
sufficient energy to cross energy gap and move to conduction band this results in
lowering of resistance of semiconductor and hence resistance of LDR decreases upon
incident light radiation.
• LDR has the ability of changing its resistance from few hundred ohms in bright condition
to several kilo-ohms in darkness.
Switching operation of transistor
• The areas of operation for a transistor switch are known as the Saturation
Region and the Cut-off Region. We use the transistor as a switch by driving it
back and forth between its “fully-OFF” (cut-off) and “fully-ON” (saturation)
regions as shown below.
 Cut off region
• Here the operating conditions of the transistor are zero input base current
(IB), zero output collector current (IC) and maximum collector voltage (VCE)
which results in a large depletion layer and no current flowing through the
device. Therefore the transistor is switched “Fully-OFF”.

• Then we can define the “cut-off region” or “OFF mode” when using a bipolar
transistor as a switch, both junctions being reverse biased VB < 0.7v and IC =
0.For a PNP transistor, the Emitter potential must be negative with respect to
the Base.
 Saturation region
• Here the transistor will be biased so that the maximum amount of base current is
applied, resulting in maximum collector current resulting in the minimum collector
emitter voltage drop which results in the depletion layer being as small as possible and
maximum current flowing through the transistor. Therefore the transistor is switched
“Fully-ON”.

• Then we can define the “saturation region” or “ON mode” when using a
bipolar transistor as a switch as being, both junctions forward biased, VB >
0.7v and IC = Maximum. For a PNP transistor, the Emitter potential must be
positive with respect to the Base.
 Working of LED
• The LED symbol is similar to a diode symbol except for two small arrows that specify the
emission of light, thus it is called LED (light-emitting diode). The LED includes two
terminals namely anode (+) and the cathode (-). The LED symbol is shown below.

• LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are semiconductor light sources that combine a P-type

semiconductor (larger hole concentration) with an N-type semiconductor (larger

electron concentration). Applying a sufficient forward voltage will cause the electrons

and holes to recombine at the P-N junction, releasing energy in the form of light.

• In LEDs, In response to the P-type of doping, electrons in LEDs move by falling from the

higher orbitals to the lower ones releasing energy in the form of photons i.e. light.
 Working
• The LDR and the R1 forms the voltage divider circuit.
• Therefore, by using voltage divider rule we can write:
 𝑣 𝑣𝐶 𝐶 𝑅 𝐿 𝐷 𝑅 ∗

( 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝐷𝑅 )=
𝑅 𝐿𝐷𝑅 + 𝑅 1

• IN BRIGHT:
• Light falling on LDR has high intensity and LDR shows low resistance and
VLDR < VBE of transistor(6v ).
• Transistor remains in CUT OFF mode and IC = 0
• LED’S remain “OFF”.
• IN DARK:
• Light falling on LDR has very low intensity and LDR shows high resistance and
VLDR>VBE (6v) of transistor.
• Transistor will turn “ON” and transistor will operate in SATURATION region and
IC will flow.
• LED’S will glow “ON”.
 RESULTS AND OUTPUT

Controlled the turning “ON” and “OFF” of LED’s by controlling the amount of light falling on LDR
which we have fixed on our road structure, made use of transistor as an OFF/ON switch and
rigged up the potential divider circuit by using LDR and the resistor and LED’s were
automatically turning ON in darkness and were automatically turning OFF in bright condition.
 ADVANTAGES

 Since automatic street light systems feature no moving parts, they require less maintenance
than conventional street lights.
 The automatic solar street light system is a stand-alone arrangement & therefore requires no
external wiring or having to connect with the grid.
 There are lower chances of the automatic street light system overheating & risk of accidents
is also minimized.
 Cost of operating automatic solar street lights is far less when compared to the conventional
street lights.
 The automatic street light system is eco-friendly & hence helps in reducing the carbon
footprint.
 Smart solar street lights can be put up in remote areas even in places that are not accessible
to the grid.
 APPLICATIONS

 Corporate & Big Businesses – Many companies nowadays are applying green energy
technologies & practices to reduce their carbon footprint. Installing automatic street light
system can prove to be a step in this direction.
 Great Way to Light up Streets – Apart from lighting up streets automatic solar street light
system along with CCTV can also provide us additional security. Smart solar street lights are
wireless & one of the street lighting solutions.
 Along Roads & Highways – High-quality automatic street light systems can enhance night-time
visibility on rural roads, main roads & highways. These are also very easy to install & are
affordably priced.
 Parks & Recreational Areas – Areas which are mainly donned by children can make good use
of automatic street light systems. They are safe & secure & provide uniform lighting & the
right amount of luminosity to parks.
 Schools & Universities – Automatic solar street light system is an excellent choice for schools,
colleges & universities.
THANK YOU