INTERNAL FLOORING

By: Shruti P.V., Vaishnavi S.S.,

Tarika B., Simran L., Sonika M.,
Tejal R.M., Yashika B.
Floor vs. Flooring
What is a floor?
• A floor is the bottom surface of a room.
• Floors typically consist of a subfloor for support and a floor covering used to give a
good walking surface. In modern buildings the subfloor often has electrical wiring,
plumbing, and other services built in.
• Sometimes, an additional layer called underlayment is present below the flooring. It
helps smoothen the surface.

What is a flooring?
• Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor. It describes the
process of applying any finish material over a floor structure to provide a walking
surface. Materials used for flooring include carpet, laminate, tile and vinyl. The floor
under the flooring is called the subfloor, which provides the support for the flooring.
• Flooring Process:

Subfloor Preparation

Laying and Fixing of Flooring

Finishes, Sealants, Joints

Polishes
 Materials for Internal Flooring
Natural Artificial

Stone – marble, kota, granite Laminate wooden

Mud Engineering hardwood

Murrum
Terrazzo
Solid wood

Mosaic
 Natural stones

marble granite Kota

Marble is a metamorphic Granite is a igneous rock It is a fine grained

rock with grains large enough variety of limestone
It is composed primarily of to be visible with the obtained from kota
mineral calcite (CaCO3) unaided eye. rajasthan , India.
and other materials like It is composed of mainly It does not have the
mica,quartz,pyrite,iron quartz and feldspar with sophisticated
oxides and graphite. minor amounts of mica. appearance of marble
or granite
Marble

SIZE-16’ x 8’ , 6’x12’
THICKNESS-16mm,18mm,20mm
Thickness and sizes vary depending on the rock availability and purpose
PRICE- Rs 30-Rs10000 per square feet
GRANITE
SIZE-7’x 11’ , 5’x 10’ , 3’x 8’ , 2’x 2’ 1’x 1’ (cut pieces)
THICKNESS-10mm,20mm,30mm
Thickness and sizes vary depending on the rock availability and purpose
PRICES- 40Rs –Rs3000 per square feet
 KOTA STONE
SIZE-22’’x22’’ , 22’’x11’’ , 11’’x11’’ , 22’’ x 28” ,17”x4” , 9”x9” , 22”x5”
THICKNESS-1” to 1.5”
Thickness and sizes vary depending on the rock availability and purpose
PRICES-Rs35 to 40 Rs per square feet

Types of kota stone

These stones are available in different finishes (Smooth and rough) and in wide variety
of earthy colours with brown being the most popular. It’s also available in Black, Beige,
Grey and Pink. It outstands other stones in similar applications for its homogeneity,
hardness and non-porous properties.
 PREPARATION OF SUB FLOOR LEVEL
Ground floor
Preparation of Big boulders are 1:4:8 (cement , sand , jelly)
floor surface crushed on the 40mm jelly
surface or
Jelly is put on the first
surface then mixture of
cement and sand
First floor
Mortar mix of 1:6 1:4:8 (cement , sand ,
(cement , sand ) is jelly)
prepared and spread 20mm jelly
under the area of muddy
each slab The mortar is then The slab to be
Tiles are laid and
topped with cement laid is lowered
level of surface
slurry of honey like gently back in its
checked using
consistency at rate position
leveller, if it is
of 4.4kg of cement
not levelled
per square meter Subsequent slabs are laid in
more mixture of
cement and sand similar manner and excess
is added grout coming out of the
joints of the slab is cleaned
off.
CURING ,POLISHING AND FINISHING

Curing of slab by The surface should be Then

wetting the surface ground evenly with a thoroughly washing
should be continued for machine fitted with a and cleaning for final
a minimum period of fine grade grit block. grinding is done
seven days .

Final grinding is done the

Hand polishing maybe
day after first grinding with
allowed instead of
machine
machine polishing for
small areas after laying

The polish surface is then

rubbed hard with oxalic
acid sprinkle with water
and spread using pads of
wooden rags
Properties
•Kota Stones have wide application in exterior works for its non-porous, non-
absorbent, tough and homogenous properties and is an excellent building stones for
both humid and freezing regions.
•Availability of the stones in slab and tile form makes it convenient to achieve different
pattern of flooring.
•It gives rich aesthetics to both interior and exterior flooring and is cheaper than other
stones used in similar application.
•High customization can be achieved because of its availability in sizes of 30×30, 40×40,
30×60, 40×60, 60×60, 50 x50, 55×55, and 60×90 centimetres.
•Unlike granite or marble Kota stone slabs are not available in bigger sizes. This is
because of its fragile nature.
•On a longer run Kota stones flakes out. However if well maintained and polished
regularly the flaking of stones can be intercepted to a greater extent.
•The finished surface is not as glossy or luminous as that of marble and granite.
Applications
• It is one of the most preferred building stone for exteriors, driveways, pathways,
corridors, balconies , industrial area , garden area , temple, lobby area , railway
staions , hospital , staircases etc.
• It also finds its application in flooring of chemical industries for its non slipperynon
porus , tough , durable stone at the same time its affordable.
Properties and applications of granite
•Granite is the most popular choice for kitchen countertop , bathroom vanity
top and Stone Flooring.
•Granite comes in a huge variety of colors with variation in veining and consistency
•Granite is most durable stone
• interlocking texture – more strength
•Granite is fire resistant, scratch/abrasion resistant and even water resistant once sealer is
applied.
 Properties and applications
•Marble stone is a natural material hence each piece differs from the other and gives
each tiles its own unique appearance
•Marble is less porous but stronger than limestone, but less durable than granite
•The compressive strength of marble is 115.00 N/mm2 as good as M10 concrete
•Marble is hard, sound and dense stone.
•Marble is more porous as compared to granite as lemons, wine and vinegar will get
absorbed into marble and cause permanent stain. Hence it is less stain resistant.
Marble can’t resist acid or acidic foods. Its colour and texture will get changed
when in contact with acidic contents.
It is also used in exterior walls, flooring, decorative features, stairway, kitchen countertop,
cupboard and walkways ,temple etc. The use of marble depends upon its quality.
Marble stone is an ideal material for building because of durability ie. long life and resistance
to weather cycles, and less maintenance.
 Types of finishes
POLISHED: Satin smooth finish achieved using Diamond Abrasives.
HONED: A smooth finish with a slight sheen, produced by using special polishing abrasives.
FLAMED: The top surface of the Granite Tile /Slabs are burnt off, giving an irregular texture.
SANDBLASTED: Sawn stone Granite Tiles/Slabs are coarsely polished thus removing saw marks
and leaves a semi-smooth, blasted finish.

BRUSHED: The Honed / Flamed / Sandblasted, Granite Tiles / Slabs are finished using nylon or
diamond brushes.

LEATHER: The Granite Tiles / Slabs are brushed, using a series of diamond brushes for a leather
texture.

POLISHED HONED FLAMED SANDBLASTED

 Types of finishes
Abrasive or sand finish marble
Sand finish marble is abrasive in nature and appearance. It’s best suited for
the outdoors but can still be used in interiors. Unlike the other two, this
finish is very rustic and is perfect if you’re going for a natural look. It’s the
most inexpensive of the three as it isn’t polished.
Hone finish marble
Honed marble is more polished than the abrasive kind but still retains a
matte effect. The surface has a velvety appearance making it ideal for
modern and contemporary homes.
Polished finish marble
Marble with a polished finish is the most expensive and requires regular
maintenance to retain the gloss. Examples of its use can be seen in high-
end establishments like expensive hotels, the homes of the rich and other
structures that ooze wealth.
MUD FLOORING
What is Mud Flooring?

• Mud Flooring is the process of applying mud paste to get a levelled and smooth
surface for the occupants. The mud flooring is a natural type of flooring. Mud has
ben the easiest form of material available for construction of building. The method
of constructing a mud flooring is quite simple.
• Mud flooring is one type of flooring that is most commonly used in rural
areas even today. It has following advantages:

1. Easy to construct . It does not require skilled labour.

2. It has good thermal insulation property. It remains cool in summers and
warm in winters.
3. It is environmentally friendly flooring.
4. Mud flooring is cheap and hard.
5. It is fire resistant.
6. It is noiseless.
• After that, the floor is rammed properly to
get a compacted, even and level surface of
about 15cm (6”) thickness . No water
should be used during the process of
ramming.
• Mud floors have to be maintained at least
once or twice a week.
• Sometimes, cow-dung is also mixed with
earth and a thin layer of this mix is spread
over the compacted layer to give texture.
• Mud floor is maintained by giving a thin
cement cow-dung wash (1:2 to 1:3) once
or twice a week.
 Murrum flooring
As mud ,Murrum is direct nature product which is obtained from the disintegration of rock. They possess similar
characteristic as that of mud. Its construction technique is difficult than mud floor.

Characteristics:
Same as mud floor.
Construction technique:
-A hard bed is prepared by laying about 5 cm thick layer of broken hard brick- bats and then rammed well.
-On this hard bed 15 cm thick layer of murrum is laid with coarser pieces of brick bats at bottom and finer at the top.
-Over this 25 cm of thick layer of powdery murrum is spread.
-Water is sprinkled on entire surface and rammed well.
-After ramming the surface is saturated with water so that a thin layer is formed on the top of the rammed surface.
-The surface is left in this condition for a day and then rammed with for 3 days.
-After this surface is rubbed with thick cow dung paste and floor is rammed for two days.
-Finally over hard surface a thin coat of cement and cow dung slurry is applied evenly.
WOOD
• It is a porous and fibrous structural tissue. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers
that are strong in tension and resist compression.

Softwood Hardwood
Furniture, window and door frames Flooring, ceiling, etc
Coniferous/evergreen trees – fir, pine Deciduous trees – oak, birch, etc

• Wooden flooring is any product that is manufactured from timber, that is designed to be used as flooring,
either for structural or aesthetic purposes.

Wooden flooring can be classified into the three categories:

1. Laminated wooden flooring
2. Engineering wooden flooring
3. Solid wooden flooring
Laminate flooring :
• Size: 46 to 48 inches X 7 to 8 inches
• Thickness: 8 to 12mm
• Cost: Rs. 125 to Rs. 235 per square metre.

Engineered wood:
• Size: 12 to 60 inches X 2.25 to 7 inches
• Thickness: 6mm to 14mm
• Cost: Rs. 375 to Rs 690 per square metre
Wood floorings have the following basic installation systems:

1. Tongue and groove: one side and end of the plank has a groove and the other side and end have a tongue. The
tongue and the groove fit together, thus joining the planks together. These joints are not visible.

2. Click or wood lock system: it is similar to the tongue and groove. However, it doesn’t fit directly, instead, the board
must be angled or tapped to make the tongue fit into the modified groove. No adhesive is used. This system is not
used for engineer wood floor.

3. Floor connection systems: There are a number of floor connection systems. It consists of a separate, unconnected
piece that is inserted into the grooves of two planks to join them. This piece can be made from wood, rubber or
glue.
4. Glue down method: this is a popular method, used for solid parquet flooring installed on concrete subfloors.
This method is popularly used for engineer wood flooring as well. In this method, a layer of mastic is placed
on the subfloor using a trowel. The wooden pieces are laid on top of them and hammered into place using a
rubber mallet.

5. Floating installation: here, the flooring is laid without any glue, on a layer of underlay. The individual planks
are locked together by wood lock system and are not glued or nailed to the subfloor. This method keeps the
subfloor free from damage.
There are five basic types of sub floors upon which we fix hard wood floors
• Concrete : concrete screeded floors can vary in conditions and levels. If it
is flat and smooth with moisture content of 2 percent or less we can glue
boards directly to the floor using adhesive. Damp proof membrane is
added as a layer to take caution against moisture.
• Joists : to fix floor boards directly to joists you can either use secret nails
or screws. The joists must be in good condition and free of wood worms.
• Old floor boards :New floor boards can be secret nailed, screwed or glued
directly on the old boards.
• Chipboard or plywood fibres: wooden floors on plywood can be nailed,
screwed or glued but on chipboard the floor boards are glued together.
• Underfloor heating
Laminated wooden flooring

• It is compressed fiber board planks covered by a photographic image of the wood with a protective overlay.
• Floor finish/ floor covering: laminate
• Underlayment: a thin foam (taped together)
• Suitable subfloor: wood and concrete

The following are the steps involved in laying a laminate flooring

1. Cleaning the floor : it should be ensured that the subfloor should be clean from any dirt and debris before laying the
laminate.
2. Laying the underlay: this is the next step. The underlay is cut to the corrected length and laid. It provides extra cushioning
and absorbs sound.
3. Run a string line: the width of the laminate board is measure. An extra 10mm is added . This distance is measured on the
two ends where the laminate is supposed to be laid, and marked with nails. A string is run between the two nails and tied.
4. Laying of boards: the first row of boards are laid by placing them one after the other and clicking them in place. For
the second row, the first board is cut in half to ensure that the joints of the board aren’t aligned.

5. To make laying easier, several boards are joined together, before laying them in place and clicking them into the side
of the existing row. While laying, there may be gaps between the different rows, which can be fixed by using a
hammer, tapping the block gently.

6. In order to fit the small gap between the board and the wall, the laminate boards are cut lengthwise instead of
widthwise. This is know as ripping.
7. A quad is installed in the gap between the boards and a skirting board. In order to install a quad, an angle of 45 is
marked at the end of the length of the quad and it is cut. The cut quad is placed against the skirting board. The
desired length is measured and cut. These quads are nailed to the skirting board.

Advantages:

• it is cheap
• Easy and fast to lay
• Perfectly interlocked using clip system
• Resistant to abrasion

Disadvantages:
The joints ware over time and is hard to fix once damaged.

Applications:
It is used in living rooms, study and play rooms.
Some products come with a water proof core, suitable for use in kitchens and other water prone areas.
Solid hardwood floors are made of planks milled from a single piece of timber. 

Solid wood flooring is milled from a single piece of timber that is kiln or air dried before sawing. Depending
on the desired look of the floor, the timber can be cut in three ways: flat-sawn, quarter-sawn, and rift-sawn.
The timber is cut to the desired dimensions and either packed unfinished for a site-finished installation or
finished at the factory. The moisture content at time of manufacturing is carefully controlled to ensure the
product does not warp during transport and storage.
Advantages of Hardwood Floor:
• Hardwood flooring gives a rich look to your home interior.
• Hardwood floor improves it grace over a period of time due to ageing.
Hardwood flooring is known to last for a lifetime. It has long shelf life.
• Hardwood floors are healthiest floors possible given its organic origin and non-
electromagnetic nature tend to attract less dust. Hence they do not attract
allergens, or molds that cause allergies which tend to travel with dust.
• They are hard and are less prone to damage when compared to engineered
and laminated floors.  
Disadvantages of Hardwood Floor:
• The hardwood floors require regular polishing every 3-4 years to maintain its
finish especially if it is high traffic area. The cost of polishing and labor tends to
be INR 50 for normal polish to 140 per sq/ft for Polyurethane coating.
• They also require regular maintenance to prevent termite attack if your house
is located in an area which is prone for termite attack.
• Hardwood flooring will be damaged in the event of any water seepage and
hence stagnant pools of water should not be allowed. Hardwood floor’s finish
is susceptible to scratching from heavy traffic, high heeled foot .
Joists as sub floor
• In most instances, when laying over joists, boards are to
be supported on at least three joists.
• Flooring should be laid in straight and parallel lines.
• Joints in adjacent boards should be staggered.
 Concrete as sub floor

• In this type of flooring a concrete bed of 100 to 150mm

thick is laid
• Wooden battens of 50 to 75 mm thickness and trapezium
in shape are embedded in the concrete bed at an interval
of 500 to 700mm.
• Wooden planks of 20 to 25mm thickness and 150 to 200
wide are laid on the battens.
• Planks are connected to each other by tongue and groove
joints.
• Planks are connected to the battens below by using
screws.

In this type of construction, base concrete is first

laid in 150 to 200 mm thickness over it, a layer of
mastic asphalt is applied.
Wooden block flooring is then laid over. Blocks of
size 20 x 8cm to 30 x 8cm and thickness 2.5 to 4cm
40
• Floor finishes The two most popular modern finishes for wood
flooring are oil-modified urethane and water-based polyurethane.
• Natural shellacs, lacquers, and varnishes were used in the past, as
were waxes, often blended with oils.
• Oil - Oiled floors have existed for several thousand years and is the
most common floor finish used globally. Oil finished floors are made
from naturally derived drying oils. Steel brushes are used in the
direction of the grain which opens up the surface of the wood and
removes splinters. The wood is then oiled.
• Polyurethane - The two most common are oil-modified
polyurethane and water-based polyurethane.
• Buffing : Generally Hardwood Floors need to be buffed every 3-5
years. Buffing refers to the process of using a stand up floor buffer.
The floor is abasied with 180 grit screen on the buffer. This allows
for the new coat of finish to mechanically adhere to the floor. This
process works with great results as long as the floor hasn't had any
waxes or synthetic cleaners.
• Floor sanding
• Sanding provides a method for smoothing an installed floor,
compensating for unevenness of the subfloor.
• Additionally, sanding is used to renew the appearance of older
Engineered wood flooring consists of two or more layers of wood adhered together to form a plank.
Typically, engineered wood flooring uses a thin layer of a more expensive wood bonded to a core
constructed from cheaper wood.
The increased stability of engineered wood is achieved by running each layer at a 90° angle to the layer
above. This stability makes it a universal product that can be installed over all types of subfloors above,
below or on grade.

The great variety in wood flooring

choices come from the species
natural colors, stains and finishes,
and even the wood tendency to
lighten or darken subtly with age
and sun exposure
Engineered hardwood can typically
be stapled, glued or floated, the
options will vary depending on
product chosen. 
Mosaic Flooring
What is mosaic flooring?
• It is made of small broken tiles of china glazed, cement, and marble in various
(usually) pre-determined patterns, but it may be at random also. They are
essentially available in the form of tiles of standard size and shape.

Types of mosaic tiles:

• Ceramic Tiles:
• The tile looks more like stone and comes in either a glazed or unglazed finish.
They are easy to cut or crack with a hammer, resulting in a clean edge. They
come in a wide selection of colors and are common. Ceramic tiles are the
weakest of mosaic materials. They do not hold up well under intense heat or
freezing temperatures, so they should be limited to decorative uses only.
• Vitreous Glass Tile:
• This is an opaque, almost stone-like glass that is also one of the most
inexpensive and common tile types. They are easy to cut and will leave a clean
edge that is not as sharp as the more expensive glass tile. Average size is 1-
inch square, and are good for indoor and outdoor use.
• Smalti Glass Tile:
• These are the jewels of the mosaic world. Made by hand in Venice Italy, they
are the most beautiful and expensive of all the tesserae available today. First
used by the Romans and the Byzantines, they have stood the test of time and
continue to appear in higher-end design contracts. The reflective properties
are second to none and the brilliant light refractions are unsurpassed by no
other tile on the market.
• Glass tiles properties:
• Iridescent: Includes mineral salts to give the glass a pearlized appearance.
• Metallic: Tiny metallic flakes are swirled into the glass and then fired, which
creates a beautiful shimmer within the tile.
• Swirled: Mixture of different glass colors swirled into the base color, creates
various depths of hue and color within each tile.

• Organic Tile:
• These are tiles cut from marble, granite, basalt and limestone. They are sold in
sheets or individual squares.

• Tile Sizes and Cost:

• 250x250mm
• Thickness – 8, 10, 15mm
Preparation of Subfloor
For ground floor:
• Lowest layer is compacted earth
• Second layer – lean cement concrete/lime
concrete/broken brick bats/stones rammed properly
• Third layer – cement concrete base which provides
rigidity to the subfloor.
• Over this, 5-8cm thick lime-surkhi mortar (1:3) is
spread and levelled. This is done for mosaic as well as
terrazzo tiled flooring. This is allowed to harden for 12-
24 hours.
• On this, a 3mm thick cementing material in the form of
paste (made of slaked lime, powdered marble and
pozzolan material) is spread and left to dry for 4 hours.
Laying and Fixing of Flooring
• After letting the floor dry, small pieces of broken tiles or marble pieces of different colours are arranged in
definite patterns and hammered into the cementing layer.
• When pressing the tiles onto the floor, cement paste/slurry may be applied on the sides again.
• The surface is gently rolled by a stone roller and water is sprinkled over the surface to that the cementing
material comes up through the joints and an even surface is obtained.
Finishes and Polishes
• The surface is allowed to dry for a day and then rubbed with a
pumice stone to get a smooth and polished surface. This may
also be done by a process called grinding, which gives the
surface a smooth texture.
• Cement grouting is provided so as to fill up any gaps/pores in
the flooring, and then the flooring is cured for 7 days.
• The floor should then dry for 2 weeks before use.
Terrazzo Flooring
What is terrazzo?
• Composition: composite material poured in place or precast,
consisting of marble chips and/or other aggregates combined within a
binder material (concrete/epoxy-resin), which is ground and polished
to a beautiful finish.
• Ratio of cement and marble – 1:1.25 to 1:2
• Marble chips – sizes 3-6mm.

• Its history traces back to 18th century Italy, in Venetian pavements.

• Tile Sizes:
• 300x300x25mm
• 200x200x20mm
• 250x250x22mm

Depending on the types of materials used, terrazzo can be used both indoors
and outdoors.
• Thin-set Terrazzo:
• This is a layer of epoxy-resin terrazzo poured over a concrete substrate.
It is lightweight, and can be installed over existing concrete or a plywood
subfloor. It has the greatest range of colours and is least likely to crack
(because the epoxy resin increases flexibility). It can only be used
indoors as the top layer can peel away if exposed to too much light.
• Sand-Cushion Terrazzo:
• This is a more traditional method for terrazzo where an initial cement
base is laid, then a layer of sand applied before pouring a cement based
terrazzo mix on top. The sand layer allows for some movement,
minimizing the potential for crack. This method creates a very heavy and
thick floor, and is only for interior floors.
• Monolithic Terrazzo:
• A cement based terrazzo is poured straight onto a concrete subfloor. It
can be used for both interior and exterior applications, and on top of
existing concrete subfloors. This method is not the best for dealing with
potential cracking.
• Terrazzo Tiles:
• Installation involves applying an adhesive and grout system, like ceramic
tiles. A sanded and sealed finish can be applied to create a seamless
look similar to poured terrazzo.
Preparation of Subfloor
For terrazzo flooring, a concrete subfloor is prepared as the floor base to
support the thin layer of terrazzo.

For ground floor:

• Lowest layer is compacted earth
• Second layer – lean cement concrete/lime concrete/broken brick
bats/stones rammed properly
• Third layer (34mm) – cement concrete (1:2:4). It gives rigidity to the
subfloor.
• Over this, terrazzo flooring is laid of about 6mm thickness. Totally, the
flooring is about 40mm thick.

• Before laying the terrazzo, the entire area is divided into suitable panels of
pre-determined size and shape using aluminium/glass strips 40mm thick.
These strips are jointed to the base concrete using cement mortar. The
surface of the base concrete is cleaned and wetted, and then smeared with
cement slurry. Concrete (1:2:4) is then laid in alternate panels and left to
harden.
Laying and Fixing of Flooring
• Terrazzo can be laid in situ as well as pre-cast tiles.
• For in situ construction:
• The terrazzo mix containing marble chips, cement and
water is laid and finished to level surface. Additional
marble chips are usually added later during rolling so that
the exposed surface has a good variety of chips.
• The surface is then floated and trowelled, and left to dry
for 12-20 hours, then cured for 2-3 days.
• Curing involves regular grinding of terrazzo mix, cleaning
of the surface and cement grouting so that pores are
filled.
• The terrazzo mix is grinded utilizing diamond-plated
grinding pads rotating at fast speeds. Grinding the
terrazzo will transform the floor from a rough to smooth
texture. Once completed, the entire floor should look
even, smooth, and radiant than before.
• Laying and fixing of terrazzo tiles is the same procedure as
that of mosaic.
Finishes and Polishes

• Finally, the surface is washed with dilute oxalic acid solution.

• The floor is then polished with felt, wax or hessian bobs to
provide it a smooth glossy finish.
• Coarse and finely grained carborundum stone is also used for as
a first and second coat of polish.
• Water-based solvents help seal the terrazzo floor, which gives
the floor more radiance and extra protection.
Applications
• Both terrazzo and mosaic flooring, due to common materials and
construction process, have very similar properties. Thus they have
common application in India and abroad.
• Due to its decorative and good wearing properties, terrazzo flooring is
widely used in residential buildings, hotels, theatres, hospitals, offices,
schools and other public buildings.
• Mosaic flooring is smooth, decorative and cool, and hence suitable for
Indian conditions.
• Terrazzo tiles and mosaic tiles are very similar in properties. Since they
are glazed and keep excellent sanitary conditions and don’t require
polishing, they can be used for flooring of water closets, bathrooms,
swimming pools, etc. The mosaic tiles for bathrooms should have a
good quantity of stone, travertine or slate so that it is not slippery.
• However, it is not advisable to opt for mosaic flooring for heavy duty
factories.
• Both terrazzo and mosaic tiles do not have good insulation properties.
Hence it becomes necessary to provide woollen carpets over the floors
in AC rooms.
 CERAMIC TILES
• Composition: Made up of sand, natural products like clay and mud. Once it has
been moulded into shape, it is fired in a kiln. It has high porosity.
• It can be constructed from square, hexagonal or other shapes of tiles.

• Size: 200x200mm, 300x300mm, 400x400mm, 600x600mm

• Thickness: 5, 6, 8, 10mm
• Price: Rs. 25-150

PREPARATION:
• Consists of a concrete base.
• A 25mm to 30mm thick layer of lime mortar (1:3) is spread to serve as bedding.
• It is cured for 12 to 24 hours.
• A cement slurry is spread is over the bedding mortar and tiles are laid flat over it
and gently pressed and levelled.
Application
• Most types of tiles come under the
category of ceramic tiles. They are
made from a mixture of clay and
other materials. They are fired in a
kiln.
• Ceramic tiles are used for the
interior floors, swimming pools,
exterior floors, walls and for special
installation both in interior and
exterior cases.
Sunken Slab – Bathroom Flooring
Choosing bathroom flooring is far different from choosing flooring in other parts of the house. Once you get past
commonalities such as durability, looks, and cost, you have to confront one factor that is found in no other area
except the basement: large quantities of water.
Water is prevalent in bathrooms and it will quickly ruin the wrong flooring.
The materials commonly used for bathroom flooring are: porcelain/ceramic tile, vinyl sheet/plank/tile, stone,
engineered wood, laminate flooring, concrete.