Passive heating design

strategies
A P R E S E N TAT I O N B Y-

• ROOPENDRA KUMAR. P
101117025
• SRI AAKASH .S 101117037

• S R I N I D H I C H I R AV U R I
101117038
INTRODUCTI
ON
 Passive solar heating is one of several design approaches collectively called
passive solar design.

 When combined properly, these strategies can contribute to the heating, cooling,
and daylighting of nearly any building.

 The types of buildings that benefit from the application of passive solar heating
range from barracks to large maintenance facilities.

 Passive heating uses the energy of natural source such as the sun, to keep the
occupants of the building comfortable by design approach of building without the
use of mechanical or electrical heating systems.

Typically, passive solar heating involves:

 The collection of solar energy through properly-oriented, south-facing windows.

 The storage of this energy in "thermal mass," comprised of building materials with
high heat capacity such as concrete slabs, brick walls, or tile floors.

 The natural distribution of the stored solar energy back to the living space, when
required, through the mechanisms of natural convection and radiation.

 Window specifications to allow higher solar heat gain coefficient in south glazing.
Aim:
•To achieve the highest efficiency, the system needs to have maximum exposure
to the sunlight.
•The intensity of sunlight is intermittent, and the system can overload, which
may adversely affect electrical appliances like air conditioners and computers.
Components:
Passive solar heating systems make use of the building components to collect,
store, and distribute solar heat gains to reduce the demand for space heating. A
passive solar system does not require the use of mechanical equipment because
the heat flow is by natural means, such as radiation, convection, and
conductance, and the thermal storage is in the structure itself.

A passive solar heating system is made up of the following key components, all
of which must work together for the design to be successful:
• Aperture (Collector)
• Absorber
• Thermal mass
• Distribution
• Control.
 How Does It Work?

 Passive solar buildings are designed to let the heat into the building during
the winter months, and block out the sun during hot summer days.

 This can be achieved by passive solar design elements such as shading,

implementing large south-facing windows, and building materials that absorb
and slowly release the sun's heat.
 How Does It Work?

 Passive solar buildings are designed to let the heat into the building during
the winter months, and block out the sun during hot summer days.

 This can be achieved by passive solar design elements such as shading,

implementing large south-facing windows, and building materials that absorb
and slowly release the sun's heat.
PASSIVE
SOLAR
DESIGN
Incorporating shading concepts into your landscape design can help reduce
the solar heat gain in the summer and reduce cooling costs.
The leaves of deciduous trees or bushes located to the south of the building
can help block out sunshine and unneeded heat in the summer.
These trees lose their leaves in the winter and allow an increase in the solar
heat gain during the colder days.
Incorporating overhangs, awnings, shutters and trellises into the building
design can also provide shade.
A trellis with a climbing vine can shade a home and allow air circulation
Effective thermal mass materials, like concrete, or stone floor slabs, have
high specific heat capacities, as well as high density.
 It is ideally placed within the building where it is exposed to winter sunlight
but insulated from heat loss.
 The material is warmed passively by the sun and releases the thermal energy into the
interior during the night.

 The most important characteristic of passive solar design is that it is holistic, and relies
on the integration of a building's architecture, materials selection, and mechanical
systems to reduce heating and cooling loads.

 It is also important to consider local climate conditions, such as temperature, solar

radiation, and wind, when creating climate-responsive, energy conserving structures
that can be powered with renewable energy sources.

 Confirm that the area of thermal mass is six times the area of the accompanying glazing
(when possible). For climates with foggy or rainy winters, somewhat less thermal mass
is needed.

 Place the mass effectively by ensuring that it is directly heated by the sun or is spread in
thin layers throughout rooms in which there is a large quantity of solar collection.

 Disregard the color of the mass surface. However, natural colors (e.g. colors in the 0.5
to 0.7 absorption range) are quite effective.

 Incorporate thermal storage in floors or walls that consist of concrete, masonry, or tile.
To reflect light and enhance the space, walls should generally remain light colored.
ADVANTAGE
S
Passive solar heating systems do not have a high initial cost or long-term payback
period, both of which are common with many active solar heating systems.

Increased user comfort is another benefit to passive solar heating.

 If properly designed, passive solar buildings are bright and sunny and in tune with the
nuances of climate and nature.

 As a result, there are fewer fluctuations in temperature, resulting in a higher degree of

temperature stability and thermal comfort.

 By providing a delightful place to live and work, passive solar buildings can contribute
to increased satisfaction and user productivity.

 In addition, passive solar design does not generate greenhouse gases and slows fossil
fuel depletion.
CONCEPTS
CASE STUDY
–
A Portuguese Office Building towards
Net Zero-Energy Building
• NZEB concept Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB)
concept may be defined as a building that over a
year is neutral (i.e., it delivers as much energy to
the supply grids as it uses from the grids) when
energy efficiency measures are successfully
combined with energy renewable sources.
• According to this, the net zero-energy
performance may be achieved as a result of
executing two fundamental steps: first reduce
building energy demand, and second, generate
electricity or other energy carriers, to get
enough credits to achieve the desired energy
balance.
• In the first step passive approaches play a
fundamental role in addressing NZEB design, as
they affect directly the loads put on the
buildings mechanical and electrical systems, and
indirectly the strive for renewable energy
generation.
• Solar Building XXI, built in 2006 , at LNEG Campus in Lisbon,
pretends to be an example of a low energy building using
passive systems both for heating and cooling (ground
cooling) towards a Net Zero-Energy Building (NZEB) .

• The main façade has a PV system with heat recovery which

assists the heating in winter SOLAR XXI: A Portuguese Office
Building towards Net Zero-Energy Building Carlos Rodrigues
Researcher, National Energy and Geology Laboratory,

• In summer a ground cooling system (earth tubes) is used to

cool the building, together with night cooling strategies.

• Net Zero-Energy Buildings Performance has gained more

attention since the publication in 2010 of the EPBD recast.

• Successful implementation of such an ambitious target

depends on a great variety of factors.

• For designers and code writers these include balancing

climate driven-demand for space cooling and heating with
climate-driven supply for renewable energy resources.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY COMES FIRST

THERMAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE

• One of the strategies adopted in the design of SOLAR XXI building in order to
reduce the thermal loads and provide a good thermal comfort conditions
consisted in optimization of building envelope.

• The characterization of the elements of the building envelope is summarized in

Table 2. All the building has an external insulation and so the thermal bridges
influence was reduced significantly while the building thermal inertia was
preserved.

• Use of the solar gains The Solar XXI building main façade (South oriented) is
covered by windows and PV modules by equivalent proportions.

• This large glazing area (about 46% of the south façade and 12% of building
conditioned floor area) interact directly with the office rooms permanently
occupied, collecting direct solar energy, providing heat and natural light to these
spaces. Increasing the solar heat gains in wintertime consisted one of the
dominant strategies in the building design, by adopting essential features such
as location, size and orientation (south) of the main glazing area.
THERMAL BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV-T)

• In addition to the use of direct solar gains through the windows, the BIPV-T
system integrating south building façade is also contributing for the
improvement of the indoor climate during heating season in the day time hours,
when the heat released in the process of converting solar radiation into power is
successfully recovered .

• As a heating strategy, in wintertime during the days with high solar radiation,
the temperature of the air heated by BIPV-T and insufflated into the offices can
rich 30°C .

• Windows shading Solar XXI building uses a set of efficient measures and
strategies which contribute for diminishing the building cooling loads.

• The building has no active cooling system, and several design measures are
incorporated to reduce the summertime heat load. Venetian blinds adjustable
by the users were placed outside the glazing to limit direct solar gains.

• When applied externally, become a very important measure for summer period,
since they minimize the direct solar incidence.
GROUND COOLING SYSTEM

• A ground cooling system provides incoming pre-cooled air into the building
using the earth as a cooling source.

• The system consists of 32 tubes with 30 cm diameter, buried at 4.5 m depth

• The ground temperature varies from 13 to 19°C throughout the year, so it

represents an excellent cooling source during summer season.

• The air enters the tubes array 15 m away from the building, cross the tubes
circuit cooling to a temperature near the ground and is injected into the building
office rooms by natural convection or forced convection using small fans.

• The system operates with great efficiency in the hot summer days, when the
indoor temperature is significantly higher, by pushing the fresh air from the
buried pipes.

• The air temperature injected inside the office rooms ranges between 22–23°C,
resulting in a decrease of the indoor air temperature between 2 and 3°C
NATURAL VENTILATION/NATURAL LIGHTNING

• The natural ventilation plays an important role in Solar XXI building in both
seasons. Natural ventilation is provided due to cross wind and stack effect via
openings in the façade and roof level.

• The façade openings together with adjustable vents on all office room doors
provide the cross ventilation, allowing the air to flow from inside to outside
and vice versa. In the building central hall there is a skylight, which allows for
natural ventilation by stack effect .

• The set of ventilation strategies (day and night) provide a high comfort level in
the summer, especially when applicable during night period minimizing the
thermal loads accumulated during daytime within the building and its
temperature.

• The location and dimension of central skylight as a main light distributor in

the central hall is fundamental, as also the translucent vents in the doors
which communicate from south and north spaces to corridor and the glazing
areas
CONCLUSION

• It is believed that the set of solutions adopted the building envelope, the daylighting
performance characteristics, the natural ventilation strategies, the passive heating and
cooling techniques, together with the integrated renewable energy systems, qualifies the
Solar XXI building for exemplary energy performance.

• Solar XXI building energy performance is about ten times the energy performance of a
standard new office building in Portugal.

• Looking at the energy balance of the building from a NZEB perspective, it was shown
that the wise combination of standard and innovative energy performance measures
with renewable systems can achieve the zero-energy performance without significant
efforts.

• The authors of this work are hoping that the lessons learned during design, construction
and operation of the building will provide useful clues to all interested in developing
outstanding energy projects in Southern European countries and other countries.

• At the same time it is also important that this work help policy makers and stakeholders
identify (and counteract) the barriers against broader implementation of NZEB´s.