QUESTIONNAIR

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 Introduction
✗ Questionnaires are one of the most popular
methods of conducting research.

✗ They provide a convenient way to gathering

information from a target population.

✗ They are cost-effective and easy to construct and

analyze.

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 Introduction
✗ A questionnaire is a planned self-reported form
designed to elicit information through written or
verbal responses of the subjects.
✗ In other words, a questionnaire is a research
instruments used for data collection.
✗ It is a set of questions that may or may not provide
with response alternatives which are to be answered
by subject.

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DEFINITION
• A questionnaire is a structured instrument
consisting of a series of data prepared by
researcher that a research subject is asked to
complete, to gather data from individuals
about knowledge, attitude, beliefs and feelings.

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DEFINITION
• The instrument is called a questionnaire or
sometimes a self-administered questionnaire
(SAQ),when respondents complete the
instrument themselves, usually in a paper and
pencil format but occasionally directly onto a
computer.

• A questionnaire is structured self-report

paper and pencil instrument that a research
subject is asked to complete.

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I.
TYPES
OF
QUESTIONS
I. Open-format / Open ended questions
• Open ended questions are those questions which provide
opportunity to the respondents to express their opinions
and answers in their own way.
• Open –format questions have followings characteristics:
1. There is no predetermined set of responses.
2. They provide true, insightful and unexpected suggestions.
3. An ideal questionnaire contains open-ended questions towards the end of all
the questions that would ask respondents about the suggestions for changes
or improvements.
Ex: state your opinion about the quality of health care services in Talakag?

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II. Closed-format questions
• These questions offer respondents a number of
alternative replies, from which the subjects must choose
the one that most likely matches the appropriate answer.
• Closed-format questions have following characteristics:

1. They facilitate easy statistical calculation of data.

2. Provide easy preliminary analysis
3. Can be asked to different groups at different intervals.
4. Facilitate efficient tracking of opinion.

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Closed-format questions could be of the following
subtypes

1. Dichotomous questions 6. Rating questions

2. Multiple-choice questions 7. Importance questions
3. Cafeteria questions 8. Likert questions
4. Rank order questions 9. Bipolar questions
5. Contingency questions 10. Matrix questions

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 Dichotomous Multiple-choice Cafeteria
Questions Questions Questions
 These requires the  These questions require  These are special type
respondent to make a respondents to make a of MCQ’s that ask the
choice between two choice between more respondents to select a
responses such as yes/no than two response response that most
or male/female. alternatives. closely corresponds to
Ex: Q) Have you ever been Ex: Q) Which of the following their views
hospitalized? disease is sexually transmitted ? Ex: Q) What do you think about
a. Yes a. DM hormone replacement therapy?
b. No b. Hypothyroidism a. It is dangerous, should be
c. Syphilis avoided.
d. HTN b. One should be cautious while
using it.
c. I am uncertain about my views.
d. It is beneficial, should be 10
promoted.
 Rank Order Contingency Rating Questions
Questions Questions  These questions ask
 These questions ask  These questions require respondents to judge
respondents to rank their respondents to make a something along an
responses from most choice between more ordered dimension.
 Respondent is asked to
favorable to least than two response
favorable. alternatives. rate a particular issue on
Ex: Q) These questions ask Ex: Q) Are you stressed? a scale that ranges from
respondents to rank their a. No b. Yes, if yes what are the Poor to Good.
responses from most favorable reasons? Ex: Q) How you rank the education
to least favorable. quality in Philippines?
a. Money b. Education
c. Family d. Health

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 Importance Questions Likert Questions
 In this, respondents are asked to rate the  Likert questions help to know how
importance of a particular issue, on a strongly the respondent agrees with
rating scale of 1-5. This helps to know a particular statement. These
that the things/issues that are important to questions help to assess how
a respondent. respondent feels towards a certain
Ex: Q) Exercising every day is ____ for the health. issue/ services.
Ex: Q) This community a good place to raise children?

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 Bipolar Questions Matrix Questions
 Bipolar questions are questions that have  It include multiple questions and
two extreme answers. identical response categories are
 Respondent has to mark his or her assigned.
response between two opposite ends of  Questions are placed one under
the scale. another, forming a matrix.
Ex: Q) what is your balance of preference here?  Response categories are placed
along the top and a list of questions
down the side.
Ex: Q) Please let us know your weekly schedule
of the following:

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II.
GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGNING A
GOOD
QUESTIONNAIRE
GENERAL POINTS
 The questionnaire must be developed exactly in
accordance with study objectives
 The questionnaire should be begin with the
instructions for the respondents to provide the
responses.
 The drafting of the questionnaire should be
concise, precise and brief, because the lengthy
questionnaires may lead to boredom among
respondents.

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 The language of the questionnaire should be
according to the respondents knowledge about a
particular knowledge.
 Questions outside the respondents experience should
not be asked.
 In asking questions about past events, too much
reliance should not be placed on the respondents
memory.
 Questions which are likely to lead to bias in the
respondents should be avoided.
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 Questions should be very clear and simple. Avoid
professional jargons.
 As for as possible, open ended questions should be
avoided.
 Avoid questions with difficult concept, which are not
easily understandable for respondents.
 Controversial and ambiguous questions should be
avoided.

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 The structure of the questionnaire should be
according to the form in which the responses are to
be recorded.
 Cross check the respondents by asking the same
information in two different ways.
 A mailed questionnaire should be accompanied by
introduction to the study, purpose and directions to
fill the questionnaire.
 Abrupt ending of the questions and questionnaire
should be avoided.
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III
.
SEQUENCE
OF THE
QUESTIONS
 There should be logical sequence of the
questions in the questionnaire.
 Researcher must ensure that the answer
to question is not influenced by previous
question.
 Questions should flow from more
general to more specific.
 Questions should be flow from least to
most sensitive.

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IV
.
QUESTION
CONSTRUCTIO
N
 Avoid negative and double negative
questions
 Use a positive statements
 Do not make assumptions about
respondent.
 Use clear and comprehensible wording.
 Use correct spelling, grammar and
punctuation.

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The Sample  Who are you going to ask?

The Method  How are you going to ask them?

The Questionnaire  What are you going to ask them?

The Result  What will you do with information?

Questions
 How much do you want to pay for
The Cost researcher must
answer?
consider before
The Time-scale  By when do you need information? developing a
questionnaire

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ADVANTAGE &
V.
DISADVANTAG
E
OF

QUESTIONNAIRE
Advantages:
 Questionnaire are cost-effective.
 They are easy to analyze.
 They require less time and energy to
administer.
 Questionnaire offer the possibility of
anonymity.
 They reduce bias as interviewer not present.
 Questionnaire are used for large sample
size.
 Questionnaire are less intrusive than phone
or face-to-face interview.

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Disadvantages:
✗ Questionnaire are not suitable for all. Ex:
children, blind and illiterates.
✗ Low response rate.
✗ Questionnaire sent by mail may be filled by
someone other than the intended person.
✗ Questionnaire provide only superficial
information.
✗ Probing of response is not possible.
✗ There are chances of misinterpretation.
✗ People can lie and answer the question
vaguely.

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Thank you for Listening!

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