Calculus w/ Analytic Geometry

PAUL JOHN B. PANGANIBAN, LPT, MST

(CAR)
 Lecture Outline

Application of Derivatives

⮚ Derivatives as an Instantaneous Rates of Change

⮚ Related Rates

⮚ Curve Sketching

⮚ Optimization Problems

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Learning Objectives:

⮚Model and solve rates of change problems;

⮚Model and solve problems pertaining to related rates

⮚Find the critical points of the polynomial function;

⮚Determine the intervals at which the function is increasing or decreasing;

⮚Determine the intervals at which the function is concave upwards or downwards;

⮚Determine the points of inflection, if there are any;

⮚Sketch the graph of the function applying the first and second derivative test for

relative extrema.

⮚Solve problems involving minimizing and maximizing a quantity applying the

Extreme – Value Theorem. Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Derivatives as an Instantaneous Rates of Change

The figure shows that this

average rate is the same
as the slope of the
segment joining the points
(a, f(a)) and (b, f(b)).

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Illustration

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Related Rates

Related rates problems involve finding a rate at which a quantity changes by relating
that quantity to whose rates of change are known.

Illustration

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Step by step guide when dealing word problems concerning related rates

⮚ Identify which quantities in the problem change and do not change with time.
⮚ Find the appropriate equation that relates the various quantities in the problem.
⮚ Draw a diagram.
⮚ Write down the given information and the unknown.
⮚ Find an equation that relates the various quantities of the problem.
⮚ Differentiate using the Chain Rule—implicitly differentiate both sides of the
equation with respect to time t.
⮚ Find the values of the variables and other rates of change not given in the
problem.
⮚ Solve for the required rate of change.

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Example 1. Top of a ladder moving along a wall

A ladder 25 feet long is leaning against a vertical wall. The base of the ladder
slides away from the wall at a rate of 2 feet per second. How fast is the top of
the ladder moving down the wall when the base of the ladder is 15 feet from the
wall?

1. Draw a diagram. Identify and label the quantities that change with time
(variables) using conventional notations that are descriptive of the quantity, for
example, V for volumes, r for radii, or θ for angles. Mark the quantities that do not
change with time (constants) with their numerical values.

Let x and y be the distance from the wall and

base of the ladder and distance from the floor
to the top of the ladder. The values
of x and y change as time changes.
The length of the ladder which is 25 feet
does not change with time.

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
2. Write down the given information and the unknown. Express the given and
unknown rates of change as derivatives. The rate of change of the base and top of
the ladder is expressed as dx/dt and dy/dt.
Given:
Length of the ladder = 25 feet.
The rate of change of the base of the ladder dx/dt = 2 ft/s.
Find:

The rate of change of the top of the ladder dy/dx when x = 15 feet.

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
3. Find an equation that relates the various quantities of the problem. Refer to
the diagram. The equations are often formulas for areas, volumes of solids, the
Pythagorean Theorem, trigonometric formulas, formulas from physics or chemistry,
or a simple addition or subtraction of different quantities which may require two
equations.

In setting the equation, use symbols for quantities that change with
time (variables) and numerical values for quantities that do not change with
time (constants). The numerical values of the variables are substituted after
the equation has been differentiated. Do not plug in 15 ft to x in the equation
below at this time.

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
4. Differentiate using the Chain Rule—implicitly differentiate both sides of the
equation with respect to time t. Remember that quantities that do not change with
time are considered constants.

Note: The derivative of a constant is zero.

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
5. Find the values of the variables and other rates of change not given in the
problem. Find their values using the formula in Step 3 or some other relevant
formulas that can be derived from the diagram.

Variables in related rates problems are time-specific—they have unique values at

a certain time and they must be determined at a time specified in the problem. For
example, the variable y in this problem must be determined when x = 15 ft.

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
6. Solve for the required rate of change.

The rate of change of the base of the ladder, dx/dt, is 2 ft/s when x = 15

feet, thus,
 

The negative sign indicates that the length of y decreases as time t increases. The

top of the ladder is moving downward at 1.5 ft/s and y is decreasing.

Note: The rate of change is positive if the variable associated with it increases with
time and negative if the variable decreases with time as can be seen
in dx/dt and dy/dt in the example above.

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Example 2. Oil spill

An oil tanker strikes an iceberg and a hole is ripped open on its side. Oil is leaking in
a near circular shape. The radius of the oil spill is changing at a rate of 1.5 miles per
jour. How fast is the area of the oil spill changing when the radius is 0.6 mile?

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Curve Sketching using Differentiation

When the function increasing or increasing, the definition below is will help us
understand

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Theorem 3.3.1. The first Derivative Test for Relative Extrema

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Illustration

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CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Definition of Concavity

Let f ' be the first derivative of function f that is differentiable on a given interval I,
the graph of f is

(i) concave up on the interval I, if f ' is increasing on I

, or
(ii) concave down on the interval I, if f ' is decreasing on I.

The sign of the second derivative informs us when is f ' increasing or decreasing.

Theorem
Let f '' be the second derivative of function f on a given interval I, the graph of f is
(i) concave up on I if f ''(x) > 0 on the interval I.
(ii) concave down on I if f ''(x) < 0 on the interval I.

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
Different form of Concavity

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Definition of Point of Inflection

A point P on the graph of y = f(x) is a point of inflection if f is continuous at P and

the concavity of the graph changes at P. In view of the above theorem, there is a
point of inflection whenever the second derivative changes sign.

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
Optimizing Problems

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Illustration

1. Find two positive real numbers whose sum is 70 and their product is maximum.
2. A rectangular garden is to be constructed using a rock wall as one side of the
garden and wire fencing for the other three sides (Figure below).
Given 100ft100ft of wire fencing, determine the dimensions that would create a
garden of maximum area. What is the maximum area?

Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)
 Paul John B. Panganiban, LPT, MST –
CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE Math (CAR)