Mathematics in the Modern World

(GE 103)
Module I: Mathematics in our world
(part 2)
Instructor: Michael Angelo A. Lumauig
 Learning Objectives
1.3 Fibonacci
• Definition
• Habbit Rabbit
• Golden Ratio
• Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Numbers in Nature

1.4 Mathematics Helps Predict the Behavior of Nature

and Phenomena in the World
1.5 Application of Mathematics in the World
1.3 Fibonacci
 Definition
The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers where a number is found by
adding up the two numbers before it. Starting with 0 and 1, the sequence goes 0,
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and so forth.

Named after Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo of Pisa

or Leonardo Pisano, Fibonacci numbers were first introduced
in his Liber Abbaci (Book of Calculation) in 1202.

He was an Italian Mathematician from Republic of Pisa,

considered the most talented Western mathematician of the
Middle Ages.
 Illustration
To illustrate the sequence’
-start with 0 and 1
-succeeding numbers can be determine by adding up the two numbers before it.

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th

0 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5
+ 8 + 13 21
= = = = = = =

Formula of Fibonacci number: f1 f2 f3

0 + 1 = 1 = 8
- 5
5 + 8 = 13 13
13 + 21 = 34
If n = 3
Therefore: f3 = f2 + f1
 Illustration
Formula:
1. For 3rd Fabonacci
f3rd = f1st + f2nd
1 =0 +1
Fabonacci Number before
the Fabonacci 2. For 7th Fabonacci
number
Number number f7th = f6th + f5th
before fn-2 8 =3 +5

f1st + f2nd = f3rd f5th + f6th = f7th

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th

0
+ 1 =1 2 3
+ 5 =8 13 21
 The Habbit Rabbit
Exercise:
“A man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a wall. How many
pairs of rabbits are produced from that pair in a year, if it supposed that every month
each pair produces a new pair, which from the second month onwards becomes
productive?”
Condition:
-Start with one young pair
-After one month young pair will become mature
-Every month each pair produce new pair in one month.
-No rabbits will die

-Young pair -Matured pair

(Not ready for (Ready for
reproduction) reproduction)
 The Habbit Rabbit
Growth of Rabbit Colony

1 month 1

new
2 months 2
new
3 months 3

new new
4 months 5

new new new

5 months 8

Numbers of Rabbit after 5months = 8

 Golden Ratio
Throughout the history The Golden Ratio is also known as:
Aristotle and Euclid’s Golden Mean, Pacioli and Da Vinci’s Divina proportone (Divine Proportion) and
Ohm’s Goldener Schnitt (Golden Section). Euclid, in his book Elements, gives us the first known
definition of this ratio as;

“A straight line is said to have been cut in extreme and mean ratio when, as the whole line is to the
greater segment, so is the greater segment”
Illustration: Formula:
A+B

 𝐴  𝐴 +𝐵  𝜑
𝐵 ¿
 
𝐴
 ¿

The Golden Ratio is

A B 𝜑=𝟏
  .𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟒
 Golden Ratio
Definition:
- The Golden Ratio is the ratio of two quantities when the ratio
of their sums to the larger quantity to the smaller quantity.
 In symbols,

 Where A is the larger quantity and B is the smaller quantity.

  𝑨  𝑩
 Golden Ratio
Fabonacci Operation Ratio Fabonacci Operation Ratio
number number
1 21
1/0 = Undefined 21/13 = 1.615
1 34 =
1/1 = 1 34/21 1.619
2 55 =
2/1 = 2 55/34 1.617
3 89 1.618
3/2 = 1.5 89/55 =
5 144
5/3 = 1.667 144/89 = 1.618
8 233
8/5 = 1.6 233/144 = 1.618
13
13/8 = 1.625 The strange thing about the Fibonacci
number is that the ratios began
approaching the number 1.618 and
then repeat this ratio over and over
again.
13 Golden Rectangle

2
8

11

5
 Golden Triangle

2
3 5
3
    72
72 5
THE GOLDEN RATIO, FIBONACCI
NUMBERS IN NATURE
Lesson 1.4
 Natural
Fibonacci numbers and thus,
the Golden Ratio are also
visible in plants such as seeds
and in leaf distribution among
the branches of trees and
even in the arrangements and
even in the arrangements of
leaf veins.
 Natural
-Clockwise spiral seed
arrangement
-Counter clockwise spiral
seed arrangement
-The numbers of spiral are
two consecutive Fibonacci
number and usually contain
34 and 55 seeds.
 Natural

The Fibonacci sequence can also be seen in the way tree branches form or split. A
main trunk will grow until it produces a branch, which creates two growth points.
Then, one of the new stems branches into two, while the other one lies dormant.
This pattern of branching is repeated for each of the new stems. A good example is
the sneezewort. Root systems and even algae exhibit this pattern.
 Natural

Storm

Galaxy
Man-made (Arts)
 Man-made (Arts)
• Arts of Leonardo da VInci
Leonardo da Vinci was into many interests such as invention, painting, sculpting,
architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology,
botany, writing, history and cartography. He used the golden ratio to define the
fundamental portions in his works. He incorporated the golden ratio in his own paintings
such as the Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper, Monalisa and St. Jerome in the Wilderness..
 Man-made (Arts)
Michaelangelo di Lodovico Simon was considered the greatest living artists of his time.
He used golden ratio in his painting “The Creation of Adam” which can be seen on the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. His painting used the golden ratio showing how God’s
finger and Adam’s finger meet precisely at the golden ratio point of the weight and the
height of the area that contains them.
 Man-made (Arts)
Raf aello Sanzio da Urbino or more popularly known as Raphael was also a painter and
architect from the Rennaisance. In his painting “The School of Athens,”, the division
between the figures in the painting and their proportions are distributed using the
golden ration. The golden triangle and pentagram can also be found in Raphael’s
painting “Crucifixion”.
 Man-made (Arts)
The golden ratio can also be found in the works of other renowned painters such as
a.) Sandro Botticelli (Birth of Venus);
b.) George-Pierre Surat (“Bathers at Assinieres”, “Bridge of Courbevoie” and “A Sunday
on La Grande Jette”), and
c.) Salvador Dali (“The Sacrament of the Last Supper”).
Man-made (Architechture)
 Man-made (Architechture)
The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 BC in Ahmes Papyrus of Egypt is with proportion
according to a “Golden Ratio”. The length of each side of the base is 756 feet with a
height of 481 feet. The ratio of the base to the height is roughly 1.5717, which is close
to the Golden ratio.
 Man-made (Architechture)
The Taj Mahal in India used the golden ratio in its construction and was completed in
1648. The order and proportion of the arches of the Taj Mahal on the main structure
keep reducing proportionately following the golden ratio.
 Man-made (Architechture)
The Eif el Tower in Paris, France, erected in 1889 is an
iron lattice. The base is broader while it narrows down
the top, perfectly following the golden ratio.
 Man-made (Architechture)
The CN Tower in Toronto, the tallest tower and
freestanding structure in the world, contains the golden
ratio in its design. The ratio of observation deck at 342
meters to the total height of 553.33 is 0.618 or phi, the
reciprocal of phi
MATHEMATICS HELPS PREDICT THE BEHAVIOR
OF NATURE and PHENOMENA IN THE WORLD

Lesson 1.4
Honeycombs of the bees show specific regular repeating hexagons. It uses the least
amount of wax to store the honey giving a strong structure with no gaps.
Zebra’s coat, the alternating pattern of blacks and white are due to mathematical rules
that govern the pigmentation chemicals of its skin.
Age of the trees can be determined by applying dendrochronology which is a scientific
method of dating based on the amount of rings found in the core of a tree.
Turtles have growth rings called “scutes” which are hexagonal. Scutes estimates the
age of the turtle. Smallest scute is in the center and is the oldest one, while the largest
ones on the outside are the newer ones
 Cracks can also be found on the barks
of trees which show some sort of
weakness in the bark.

The meander is one of a series of regular

sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or
windings in the channel of the body of
water. Meanders form when water in the
river erodes the banks on the outside of
the channel.
APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICS
IN THE WORLD
Lesson 1.5
 In our daily life, we use mathematics directly or indirectly in various fields. The
application of mathematical methods in different fields such as science, engineering,
business, computer science and industry is a combination of mathematical science and
specialized knowledge. For example, statistics, combinatorics, and graph theory are
used by investigators to solve crimes. Other applications of mathematics are in
forensic science, medicine, engineering, information technology, cryptography,
archaeology, social sciences, political science and other fields.
 In forensic, Math is used to determine how crimes are committed, when they
were committed, and even who committed them. Whether it is bullet holes or blood
splatters, crime-scene investigators are able to use mathematics (geometry) to
determine the trajectory of a falling object. Forensic scientists are able to use math in
other forms of trajectory as well.
In medical field, much of a function of a protein is determined by its shape and how
the pieces move. Many drugs are designed to change the shape or motions of a
protein by modeling using geometry and related areas. Mathematics is also being
applied in the development of medicine to cure diseases.
In fluid dynamics, engineers use numerical analysis in phenomena involving heat,
electricity and magnetism, relativistic mechanics, quantum mechanics and other
theoretical constructs.
In Information Technology, modern computer are invented through the help of
mathematics. An important area of applications of mathematics in the development of
formal mathematical theories related to the development of computer science.
Computer science development includes logic, relations, functions, basic set theory,
counting techniques, graph theory, combinatorics, discrete probability, recursion,
recurrence relations and number theory, computer-oriented numerical analysis and
Operation Research techniques
Cryptography is a combination of both mathematics and computer science and is
affiliated closely with information theory, computer security and engineering. It is used
in applications present in technologically advanced societies, examples include the
security of ATM cards, computer passwords and electronic commerce.
In Social Sciences such as economics, sociology, psychology and linguistics all now
make extensive use of mathematical models, using the tools of calculus, probability,
game theory, and network theory.
In Economics, mathematics such as matrices, probability and statistics are used. The
models may be stochastic or deterministic, linear or non-linear, static or dynamic,
continuous or discrete and all types of algebraic, differential, difference and integral
equations arise for the solution of these models.
In political Science, political analysts study past election results to see changes in
voting patterns and the influence of various factors on voting behavior or switching of
votes among political parties and mathematical models for Conflict Resolution using
Game Theory and Statistics
In music and arts, the rhythm that we find in all music notes is the result of
innumerable permutations and combinations. Music theorists understand musical
structure and communicate new ways of hearing music by applying set theory,
abstract algebra, and number theory.
END OF PRESENTATION