ENGINEERING GRAPHICS /

DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY
MEC121

LECTURE SERIES – WEEK ONE

 WEEK ONE LECTURE OUTLINE

1.1 Carry out simple geometrical constructions of an ellipse e.g. Tangent to an ellipse at any given point on the

ellipse, tangent to an ellipse from a given point ‘p’ outside the ellipse, etc

1.2 Divide areas of plane/figure.

1.3 Enlarge and reduce from the given areas of plane figure.
ELLIPSE:
An ellipse is the locus of a point which moves so that its distance from a fixed point (called the focus)
bears a constant ratio, always less than 1, to its perpendicular distance from a straight line (called
directrix).
PROPERTIES OF AN ELLIPSE:
An ellipse has two foci, major axis, minor axis and two directrices.
CONSTRUCTIONS OF ELLIPSE:
A. To construct an ellipse using concentric circles method.
1. Draw two concentric circles, radii = half (1/2) major and half (1/2) minor axes.
2. divide the circle into a number of sectors. (12 0r 8).
3. where the sector lines cross the smaller circle, draw the horizontal lines cross the larger circle, draw the vertical
line to meet the horizontal lines.
4. draw a neat curve through the intersections as shown on Fig. 11/5

Fig. 11/5 – Ellipse using Concentric Method.

B. To construct an ellipse using rectangular method.
1. Draw a rectangle, length and breadth equal to the major and minor axes
2. Divide the two shorter sides of the rectangle in the same even numbers of equal parts. Divide the major axis into the same
number of equal parts.
3. from the points where the minor axis crosses the edge of the rectangle, draw the intersecting lines as shown in figure 11/6.
4. Draw a neat curve through the intersections.

Fig. 11/5 – Ellipse using Rectangular Method.

C. To construct an ellipse using trammel method.
A trammel is a piece of stiff paper or card with a straight edge.
1. Mark the trammel with a pencil so that half the major and minor axes are marked from the point P
2. Keep B on the minor axis ,A on the major axis and slide the trammel.
3. Mark at frequent intervals the position of P.
Figure 6/7 shows the trammel in position for plotting the top half of the ellipse; to plot the bottom half , A stays on the major axis and
B goes above the major axis, still on the minor axis.

Fig. 11/7 – To construct ellipse using trammel method.

To construct the normal and the tangent of an ellipse, and to find the foci.
1. Normal: Normal at any point P. Draw two lines from P, one to each focus and bisect the angle thus formed. This bisector is a
normal to the ellipse.
2. Tangent: Tangent at any point P. since the tangent and normal are perpendicular to each other by definition, construct the
normal and erect a perpendicular to it from P. this perpendicular is the tangent.
3. Foci: Foci with compasses set at a radius of half (1/2) major axis, center at the point where the minor axis crosses the top (or
the bottom) of the ellipse, strike an arc to cut the major axis twice, these are the foci in Fig. 11/8.

Fig. 11/8 – To construct Normal and the Tangent of an

Ellipse, and to find the Foci.
 QUESTION FOR LECTURE WEEK ONE
 
 
Draw the Normal and the Tangent of an Ellipse using any method, with
Major Axis of 120mm and Minor Axis of 80mm.
 WEEK TWO LECTURE OUTLINE
1. Drawing Sheets and Layout of Drawing Paper.
2. Circle: Properties and Construction involving circles.
3. Tangency: Construction of Tangent.
DRAWING SHEETS/PAPERS
The standard sizes of drawing papers used
for normal purposes should be as follows:
Designation Size in millimeters
A0 841 x 1189    
   
A1 594 x 841    
A2 420 x 594    
   
A3 297 x 420    
A4 210 x 297   A2
     
A5 148 x 210      
     
A6 105 x 148     A4
A1      
A3   A6
A5  
A6
LAYOUT OF DRAWING PAPER
It is important that you follow some simple rules when producing an engineering drawing which although may not be useful
now, will be useful when working in industry. All engineering drawings should feature an information box (title block).
CIRCLES
A circle is a locus of a point which moves so that its always a fixed distance from another stationary point. The connection
of infinite points at certain conditions form circle.

. .
.
.

Circle Infinite point Concentric circles

Eccentric circles

Types of circles
PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE
Construction involving circles
To draw a tangent to a circle from any point on the
circumference.
1. Draw the radius of the circle.
2. at any point on the circumference of the circle, the tangent and then radius are perpendicular
to each other. Thus the tangent is found by constructing an angle of 90 0 from the point where
the radius crosses the circumference.
CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING CIRCLES
To construct the circumference of a circle, given the diameter.
1. Draw a semi circle of the given diameter AB, center O.
2. From B mark off three times the diameter, BC.
3. From O draw a line at 30 to OA to meet the semi circle in D.
0

4. From D draw a line perpendicular to OA to meet OA in E.

5. Join EC, EC is the required circumference.
TANGENCY

CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT:
To construct a tangent from a point P to a circle, center O
1. Joint OP.
2. Erect a semi-circle on to cut the circle in A. PA produced is the required tangent.
 QUESTION FOR LECTURE WEEK TWO
 
 
Construct the circumference of a circle, diameter 40mm then draw the
tangent and normal at any point on the circumference.
WEEK THREE LECTURE OUTLINE

1. CONSTRUCTION OF POLYGONS
POLYGONS

A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight sides. There are two
classes of polygons, regular and irregular polygons.
A regular polygon is one that has all its sides equal and therefore all its exterior angles
equal and its interior angles equal.
An irregular polygon is the one that has unequal sides and also unequal angles (both
interior and exterior).
Polygons are frequently referred to have particular names. Some of these are listed
below.
A pentagon is a plane figure bounded by five sides.
A hexagon is a plane figure bounded by six sides.
A heptagon is a plane figure bounded by seven sides.
An octagon is plane figure bounded by eight sides.
A nonagon is a plane figure bounded by nine sides.
A decagon is a plane figure bounded by ten sides. Etc.
CONSTRUCTION OF POLYGONS:
Method 3:
1. Draw a line GA equal in length to one of the side
2. Bisect GA.
3. From A construct an angle of 450 to intersect the bisector at point
4.
4. From G construct an angle of 600 to intersect the bisector at point
6.
5. Bisect between points 4 and 6 to give point 5. Point 4 is the
centre of a circle containing a square: point 5 is a the centre of a
circle containing a pentagon. Point 6 is the centre of a circle
containing a hexagon. By marking off points at similar distances
the centers of circles containing any regular polygon can be
obtained.
6. Mark off point 7 so that 6 to 7 = 5 to 6 etc.
7. With centre at point 7 draw a circle, radius 7 to A (=7 to G).

8. Step off the sides of the figure from A to B, B to C, etc.

ABCDEFG is the required heptagon.
 QUESTIONS FOR LECTURE WEEK THREE
 

1. Construct a regular hexagon, 45 mm side.

2. Construct a regular hexagon if the diameter is 75 mm.
3. Construct a regular pentagon, diameter 82 mm.
4. Construct a regular heptagon within a circle, radius 60 mm. The corners of the heptagon
must lie on the circumference of the circle.
WEEK FOUR LECTURE OUTLINE
 
2.1 Identify the third plane (the auxiliary or side vertical plane) of projection
2.2 Project on it the end view of a three dimensional object
2.3 Sketch from an object (with changer, round hole, stepped, block, etc) the plane and elevations and draw the view in
first and third angle orthographic Projections
2.4 Draw plan, elevations and sections of simple object such as hollow sand crate block
2.5 Explain the properties of a point, a line and plane in space
2.6 Locate given point, lines and planes in space on the projection planes
2.7 Apply successive auxiliary projections to determine the true position of a point to both horizontal and vertical planes
the true horizontal and vertical planes the true shape of a plane inclined to both horizontal and vertical planes the shortest
distance between the two lines: The angle of inclination of a line inclined to two given planes.
ORHTOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Orthographic projection is a mean of representing a three-dimensional

object in two dimensions (2D). It uses multiple views of the object, from
points of view rotated about the object's center through increments of 90°.
ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE:

Using one point perspective in the figure, parallel lines converge to one point somewhere in the
distance. This point is called the vanishing point (VP). This gives objects an impression of depth.

Fig. – Showing one point perspective.

The views are positioned relative to each other according to either of two schemes: first-Angle or third-Angle
projection. In each, the appearances of views may be thought of as being projected onto planes that form a transparent
"box" around the object. Figure below demonstrate the views of an object using 1 St. Angle and 3rd. Angle projections.

Fig. - Illustrating the difference between 1st. and 3rd. Angles projection
THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE SIX VIEW OF AN OBJECT

INTRODUCTION
Any object can be viewed from six mutually perpendicular
directions, as shown in the next Figure. Thus, six views may
be drawn if necessary. These six views are always arranged as
shown below, which the American National Standard
arrangement of views. The top, front, and bottom views line up
vertically, while the rear, left-side, front, and right-side views
line up horizontally.
If the front view is imagined to be the object itself, the right-side
view is obtained by looking toward the right side of the front
view, as shown by the arrow RS. Likewise, if the right-side view
is imagined to be the object, the front view is obtained by
looking toward the left side of the right-side view, as shown by
the arrow F.
The same relation exists between any two adjacent views.
Obviously, the six views may be obtained either by shifting the
object with respect to the observer, as we have seen, or by
shifting the observer with respect to the object in the next slide.
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 1st & 3rd ANGLE OF
PROJECTION

FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION
In first-angle projection, each view of the object is projected in
the direction (sense) of sight of the object, onto the interior
walls of the box Fig. below
A two-dimensional representation of the object is then created by
"unfolding" the box, to view all of the interior walls Fig. below
THIRD-ANGLE PROJECTION

In third-angle projection, each view of the object is projected

opposite to the direction (sense) of sight, onto the (transparent)
exterior walls of the box Fig. below
A two-dimensional representation of the object is then created by
unfolding the box, to view all of the exterior walls Fig. Below.
First and Third Angles of projection arrangements
THREE VIEW OF AN OBJECT IN FIRST AND THRID
ANGLE OF PROJECTIONS

Figures below show isometric pictorial drawing of a number of

components, study the drawing and using 1st and 3rd angle of
projection and a scale of 1:1 draw the following:
 A front view in direction "A".
 Side view in direction "B".
 Top view in direction "C".
Note: All dimensions are in mm
ASSIGNMENT WEEK FOUR
Figures shown are isometric pictorial drawings for a number of
components, study the drawing and using 1st and 3rd angle of
projection with scale of 1:1
Draw the following:
 A front view in direction "A".
 Side view in direction "B".
 Top view in direction "C".
Note: All dimensions are in mm
ASSIGNMENT TWO

Isometric pictorial drawing of components, study Isometric pictorial drawing of components, study
the drawing and by using scale 1:1 draw the the drawing and by using scale 1:1 draw the
following: Fig. Below use 1st angle of projection following: Fig. Below use 3rd angle of projection
Draw A- Front view, B -Side view and C- Top Draw A- Front view, B -Side view and C- Top
view. view.