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The Output of Ac Generator Is:: E E Sinwt (E Nbaw) E - (D/DT) (Ø)

This document discusses alternating current (AC) circuits and concepts. It defines key terms used to describe AC waves like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and phase. It also explains the relationships between voltage, current, resistance, inductance, and capacitance in AC circuits. Specifically, it notes that inductive reactance increases with frequency while capacitive reactance decreases with frequency. The document provides examples of AC circuits involving resistors, inductors, and capacitors alone and in series combinations.

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110 views36 pages

The Output of Ac Generator Is:: E E Sinwt (E Nbaw) E - (D/DT) (Ø)

This document discusses alternating current (AC) circuits and concepts. It defines key terms used to describe AC waves like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and phase. It also explains the relationships between voltage, current, resistance, inductance, and capacitance in AC circuits. Specifically, it notes that inductive reactance increases with frequency while capacitive reactance decreases with frequency. The document provides examples of AC circuits involving resistors, inductors, and capacitors alone and in series combinations.

Uploaded by

Lasya notes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

The output of AC generator is:


E=E0Sinwt(E0=NBAw)
E=-(d/dt)(Ø)
Ø=NBACOSwt
VR=IR, VC=Q/C, VL=Ldi/dt
R-resistance-ῼ(ohm)
C-capacitance-F(farad)
L-inductance-H(henry)
ALTERNATING CURRENT
COMPARISON OF AC,DC GRAPHS
TERMS NEEDED TO DESCRIBE A WAVE

Crest = Highest point of the wave


Trough = Lowest point of the wave
Wavelength = Distance from one crest/trough to the next
(m)
Wave Height = Height from trough to crest (m)
Wave steepness = ratio of wave height to wavelength
Amplitude = distance from the centre of wave to the
bottom of the trough (m)
Wave Period = time for one full wavelength to pass a
given point (s)
QUANTITIES INVOLVED IN DESCRIBING A WAVE
phase is a definition of the position of a point in time (instant) on a 
waveform cycle
Phase Difference between a Sine wave and a
Cosine wave
Advantages of AC over DC

1. Ac is available in a wide range of voltages.


2. These voltages can be stepped up or stepped down with the help of
transformers
3. By supplying ac at high voltages , we can minimise line power losses.
4. Ac can be controlled without much wastage of power.
5. Ac can be converted into dc with the help of rectifiers.

Disadvantages of AC over DC

1. Ac is more dangerous than dc.


2. The maximum voltage of ac is higher than the effective value
indicated by ac voltmeter.
3. Ac is not available in pure frequency. It contains higher harmonics
which is not suitable for certain purposes. For electroplating, electro
refining etc only dc can be used and not ac
NUMERICAL
1. A wave is described as E= 40Sin(314t+∏/4)
Find amplitude, frequency, angular
frequency and phase.
2. For the given wave E= 40Sin(314t+∏/4)
Calculate average,peak-peak and rms
voltage.
• PHASOR DIAGRAMS
• The phasor diagram is used to determine
the phase relationships between two or
more sine waves propagating with the
same frequency. Here, we use the terms
“lead”, “lag” and also “in-phase”, “out-
of-phase” to indicate the relation between
one waveform with the other.
Phasors as rotating vectors
AC through pure resistance
AC through pure Resistor
AC through pure resistance
AC through pure inductor
An alternating source of emf is connected
across a capacitor of capacitance C (Fig
4.20a). It is charged first in one direction and
then in the other direction.
Variation of XL with Frequency:
XL
I0 = E0 / ωL XL = ωL
XL is Inductive Reactance and ω = 2π f

XL = 2π f L i.e. XL α f
Variation of XC with Frequency: 0 f
I0 = E0 / (1/ωC) XC = 1 / ωC
XC is Inductive Reactance and ω = 2π f
XC
XC = 1 / 2π f C i.e. XC α 1 / f
R
Resistance vs frequency

0 f

TIPS: 0 f
1) Inductance (L) can not decrease Direct Current. It can only decrease Alternating
Current.
2) Capacitance (C) allows AC to flow through it but blocks DC.
Inductive reactance
 
XL = ωL = 2πν L, where ν is the frequency of the a.c. supply
For d.c. ν = 0; ∴ XL = 0
 
Thus a pure inductor offers zero resistance to d.c. But in an a.c. circuit the
reactance of the coil increases with increase in frequency.

capacitive reactance

Thus a capacitor offers infinite resistance to d.c.


For an a.c. the capacitive reactance varies inversely
as the frequency of a.c. and also inversely as the
capacitance of the capacitor.
LCR SERIES CIRCUIT

RLC circuits have many applications as oscillator circuits. 


Radio receivers and television sets use them for tuning to
select a narrow frequency range from ambient radio waves. In
this role, the circuit is often referred to as a tuned circuit. An
RLC circuit can be used as a band-pass filter, band-stop filter, 
low-pass filter or high-pass filter. The tuning application, for
instance, is an example of band-pass filtering
L R
AC Circuit with L, C, R in Series C
Combination: VR
VL
The applied emf appears as Voltage VC
drops VR, VL and VC across R, L and C
respectively.
1) In R, current and voltage are in phase. E = E0 sin ωt

2) In L, current lags behind voltage by π/2


3) In C, current leads the voltage by π/2

v m = √ [VR2 + (VL – VC)2] 0

= √ [(Im R)2 + (Im χL – Im χ C )2]

Im
v m
=Vm/Z
√ [R + (XL – XC) ]
2 2
=
Z = √ [R2 + (XL – XC)2] v
VL - V C M Φ
Z = √ [R2 + (ω L – 1/ωC)2] I VR

XL – X C vM = √ [VR2 + (VL – VC)2]


tan Φ = ω L – 1/ωC
or tan Φ =
R R
XL – X C ω L – 1/ωC
tan Φ = or tan Φ =
R R

Special Cases:
Case I: When XL > XC i.e. ω L > 1/ωC,
tan Φ = +ve or Φ is +ve
The current lags behind the emf by phase
angle Φ and the LCR circuit is inductance -
dominated circuit.
Case II: When XL < XC i.e. ω L < 1/ωC,
tan Φ = -ve or Φ is -ve
The current leads the emf by
phase angle Φ and the LCR
circuit is capacitance -
dominated circuit.
Case III: When XL = XC i.e. ω L = 1/ωC, ω2= 1/LC tan Φ = 0 or Φ is 0°
Z=minimum=R
The current and the emf are in same phase. The impedance does not depend
on the frequency of the applied emf. LCR circuit behaves like a purely resistive
circuit.
YOUTUBE LINKS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_t https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9
Nf7fAqEI jhPN2Sl8M&t=12s
Phasor Diagram for Pure Resistive AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
Circuits
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tibg https://www.youtube.com/watch
eKtC7GQ ?v=mXu806LradM
AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor capacitor in ac circuit
https://www.youtube.com/watch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v ?v=bZPWk9kWHhw&t=13s
=1P2lJcX94TQ AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circui
t-construction-kit-ac

https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-lrc.html

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