MARIA ROSARIO C.

SORIANO
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2
LORMA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
INTRODUCTION
• The muscular system is made up of more
than 600 muscles

• FUNCTIONS:
1. Produce movement
2. Provide support
3. Produce heat – to maintain body temperature
TYPES OF MUSCLES
1. Cardiac (heart)
2. Skeletal
3. Smooth (visceral)
4. Sphincter (dilator)
CARDIAC MUSCLES
• Located only in the heart
• The pumping contractions and relaxations of the muscle occur with no
conscious effort on the part of the individual (INVOLUNTARY CONTROL)
 SKELETAL MUSCLES
• Attached to the bones
• These require conscious effort to function (VOLUNTARY CONTROL)
 SKELETAL MUSCLES
• They are referred to as STRIATED because they have alternating light and
dark bands circling the muscle fibers.

Any movement that is

self-generated
involves skeletal
muscles like walking,
chewing and talking.
SMOOTH MUSCLES (VISCERAL)
• Located in the walls of internal organs like the stomach, intestines,
uterus and blood vessels.
SMOOTH MUSCLES (VISCERAL)
• Their movement is INVOLUNTARY
• They are NON-STRIATED (no markings)
• Controlled by the AUTONOMIC (automatic) nervous system
SPHINCTER (DILATOR)
• A circular muscle that controls the opening and closing of a passageway
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (food passing into and out of the stomach)
• URINARY SYSTEM (urine passing out of the bladder)
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES

1. CONTRACTIBILITY – ability to be tightened,

which makes the muscle shorter and thicker
2. EXCITABILITY (irritability) – readiness to
respond to various types of stimuli
3. EXTENSIBILITY – ability to be stretched
4. ELASTICITY – ability to return to its original
length when relaxing
TENDONS
• Skeletal muscles are attached to the
bones by bands of strong, tough
connective tissues known as TENDONS
• Or by a sheet-like membrane that
covers, supports and separates the
muscles known as FASCIA
• Tendons are like LIGAMENTS in being
tough, flexible cords
• Tendons extend from muscle to bone
• Ligaments go from bone to bone as at a
joint
• Skeletal muscles are attached to bones
at two points: the ORIGIN and the
INSERTION
• ORIGIN is the less movable bone
• INSERTION is attached to a more
movable bone that will be affected by
the action of the muscle.
• The BELLY is the central part of the
muscle, seen most easily in the
“bulges” developed by weightlifters
MUSCLE TERMS
• Skeletal muscles work in PAIRS.
• The PRIME MOVER produces movement in one direction
• The ANTAGONIST produces movement in the opposite direction
• The ANTAGONIST is the muscle • Bend your elbow and you can feel
on the opposite side of the joint and the BICEPS (top of the upper
must relax to allow the PRIME arm) contract and the TRICEPS
MOVER to contract. (back of the upper arm) relax.
MUSCLE TONE
• Muscle tone is a muscle’s normal resistance to stretching caused by
always being in a state of slight contraction.
• Loss of muscle tone can occur from illness, injury, or from lack of
use.
• Too much tone is called SPASTICITY.
• Spasticity can be caused by illness or injury
• cerebral palsy
• Stroke
• multiple sclerosis
• Spastic muscles are TOO TIGHT to move smoothly.
MUSCLE ATROPHY & CONTRACTURE
• When the muscles are not used, they can atrophy (shrink in size and become weak)
and appear floppy.
• Lack of use can also result in CONTRACTURE, in which a shortened muscle holds
the joint in a flexed position.
 T S
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OV
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B O
THE 5 GOLDEN RULES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY
 MUSCLES AND BODY MOVEMENTS
Movement results when a muscle moves an attached bone

• Muscles are attached to at

least two points
 Origin - Attachment to
a immoveable bone
 Insertion - Attachment
to an movable bone
FLEXION VS EXTENSION
Flexion
Extension
 Decreases the angle of the joint
Opposite of flexion
 Brings two bones closer together
Increases angle between two
 Typical of hinge joints like knee
bones
and elbow
HYPEREXTENSION

Hyperextension:
results when
angle is > 180 ̊
ROTATION

• Common in ball-and-socket joints

• Example is when you move atlas
around the axis vertebra (shake
your head “no”)
ABDUCTION VS ADDUCTION

Abduction
 Movement of a limb
away from the midline

Adduction
 Opposite of abduction
 Movement of a limb
toward the midline
CIRCUMDUCTION

Circumduction
 Combination of
flexion, extension,
abduction, and
adduction
 Common in ball-and-
socket joints
DORSIFLEXION VS PLANTAR FLEXION

Dorsiflexion
 Lifting the foot so that the
superior surface
approaches the shin
Plantar flexion
 Depressing the foot
(pointing the toes)
INVERSION VS EVERSION

Inversion
 Turn sole of foot medially
Eversion
 Turn sole of foot laterally
SUPINATION VS PRONATION

Supination
 Forearm rotates laterally
so palm faces up
(anterior)
Pronation
 Forearm rotates medially
so palm faces down
(posterior)
OPPOSITION

Opposition
 Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the
same hand
 E
F TH
O
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C L
US DY
M O
O R B
AJ AN
M UM
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MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND FACE
1. ORBICULARIS ORIS: This facial muscle is positioned
around the mouth, encircling it.

Function: The Orbicularis oris muscle of the face helps to close the

mouth and also, when this muscle contracts, the mouth puckers.
2. DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS: This muscle of the face is located beneath
the lower lip (mandible) underneath the mental foramen.

Function: The Depressor labii inferioris muscle of the face helps to depress

or lower the lower lip or bottom lip.
3. LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS MUSCLE: This muscle is located
above the upper lip and is located above the infraorbital
foramen.

Function: This muscle helps to elevate the upper

lip.
4. BUCCINATOR MUSCLE: This muscle forms the muscular base of the cheek,
the wall of the oral cavity and the anterior part of the cheek. The interval
between maxilla and mandible is occupied by this muscle.

Function: This facial muscle helps to hold food inside the mouth in proper position and aids in chewing.
Flattening the cheeks and pulling the angle of the mouth backwards is supported by this muscle.
5. MENTALIS MUSCLE OF THE FACE: The furrow between the lower lip and
chin is formed by this muscle of the face. In other words, it can be said that
this facial muscle is located at the tip of the chin.

Function: The Mentalis muscle is also called the pouting muscle as it helps to “pout”. However,
it also helps in contracting the chin, expressing displeasure and doubt externally.
6. DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS MUSCLE: In the bottom corner of the lower lip,
in an angle of the mouth, the depressor anguli oris muscle forms the lower
border of mandible. The facial artery supplies blood to this muscle and this
muscle is also innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of facial nerves.

Function: As this facial muscle contracts or depresses, it helps in showing a

facial expression called frowning. Hence, it is also called the frowning
muscle.
7. LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS MUSCLE: This facial muscle forms the medial
orbital wall, the wall between the nostrils and upper lip.

Function:  This muscle of the face helps in elevating the upper lip and
dilating the nostrils. Thus, one can snarl.
8. RISORIUS MUSCLE OF THE FACE: This muscle is also called the laughing
muscle. It forms the depression of the cheek, in the angle of the mouth.

Function: Risorius helps one to smile.

9. ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR AND MINOR MUSCLES OF THE FACE: In an
angular position, beneath the cheekbones is the zygomaticus major muscle
and zygomaticus minor muscle that form the cheeks. They create the
zygomatic arch.

Function:  The Zygomaticus major muscle of the face helps in lifting the corners of the lips when one smiles. Usually the
Zygomaticus major muscle is a single muscle strand. It is thought that differentiation in this muscle structure causes dimple in
the cheeks of some people. The Zygomaticus minor muscle on the other hand helps in creating a sad facial expression by
drawing the upper lip backwards.
10. NASALIS MUSCLE: On both sides of the nasal cartilage, the nasalis
muscle is located.

Function: This facial muscle compresses the nasal cartilage and thus aids in “flaring” of
the nostrils to prevent water from getting inside the nose when underwater.
11. PROCERUS MUSCLE: This pyramid shaped muscle of the face is located in
the lower part of the forehead, between the eyebrows, covering a part of the
nasal bone.

Function: The Procerus muscle of the face helps in bringing or pulling down

the skin between the eyebrows to express anger.
12. ORBICULARIS OCULI MUSCLE OF THE FACE: This facial muscle is what
encircles the eyelids.

Function: It helps to close the eyes.

13. DEPRESSOR SUPERCILII MUSCLE: The depressor supercilii muscle is also
a muscle of the eyes. Some people say that it is connected with the
orbicularis oculi muscle.

Function: It helps in the movement of the eyebrows.

14. CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII MUSCLE: This pyramid shaped small and
narrow muscle is located beneath the frontalis muscle, at the end of the
eyebrow and above the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Function: This is the muscle of the face that causes the wrinkles in forehead. Corrugator supercilii
muscle also helps in expressing anger or expression of suffering and is another frowning
muscle.
15. TEMPOROPARIETALIS MUSCLE: This muscle is located on both sides of
the skull, above the ears.

Function:  It helps in ear elevation.

MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE BODY - ANTERIOR
 STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
• The sternocleidomastoid is a long muscle in the side of the neck that
extends up from the thorax to the base of the skull behind the ear.
• When the sternocleidomastoid on one side contracts, the face is
turned to the opposite side.
• When both muscles contract, the head is bent toward the chest.
TRAPEZIUS
• The trapezius is one of the major muscles of the back and is
responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula
(shoulder blade) and extending the head at the neck.
• It is a wide, flat, superficial muscle that covers most of the upper
back and the posterior of the neck.
PECTORALIS MAJOR
• The pectoralis major muscle is a large muscle in the upper chest,
fanning across the chest from the shoulder to the breastbone.
• The pectorals are predominantly used to control the movement of
the arm, with the contractions of the pectoralis major pulling on the
humerus to create lateral, vertical, or rotational motion.
DELTOID MUSCLE
• The deltoid muscle is a rounded, triangular muscle located
on the uppermost part of the arm and the top of the shoulder.
• It is named after the Greek letter delta, which is shaped like
an equilateral triangle.
BICEPS BRACHII
• The biceps, also biceps brachii is a two-headed muscle that lies on the
upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow.
• Both heads arise on the scapula and join to form a single muscle belly which
is attached to the upper forearm.
• While the biceps crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints, its main function
is at the elbow where it flexes the forearm and supinates the forearm.
• Both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew: first
biceps unscrews the cork (supination), then it pulls the cork out (flexion).
TRICEPS BRACHII
Origins Long head - infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Medial head - posterior surface of the humerus 
(inferior to radial groove)
Lateral head - posterior surface of the humerus
(superior to radial groove)

Insertions Olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm

Innervation Radial nerve (C6-C8)

Function Extension of the forearm at the elbow joint.

Extension and adduction of the arm at the shoulder
joint (long head)
Long head – Because its origin attaches to the scapula, the long head
will also act on the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. When the arm is
adducted, the triceps muscle can act to pull superiorly on the
humerus, helping to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid
cavity or resisting inferior displacement of the humerus. The long
head will also create extension and adduction of the arm at the
glenohumeral joint. In addition, like the lateral head, the long head of
the triceps brachii is active during extension of the forearm that
occurs against resistance. 

Medial head – Does not attach to the scapula and therefore, does not
act on the glenohumeral joint. However, it is active
whenever forearm extension is occurring, whether it is against
resistance or not, and regardless of whether the forearm is pronated
or supinated.

Lateral head – It is considered to be the strongest of the three heads

but is typically only active during extension at the elbow that occurs
against resistance.
BRACHIALIS
• The brachialis (brachialis anticus) is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes
the elbow joint.
• It lies deeper than the biceps brachii, and makes up part of the floor of the
region known as the cubital fossa.
• The brachialis is the prime mover of elbow flexion.
• While the biceps brachii appears as a large anterior bulge on the arm and
commands considerable interest among body builders, the brachialis
underlying it actually generates about 50% more power and is thus the
prime mover of elbow flexion.
EXTENSOR MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM
• The superficial layer of the posterior forearm contains seven
muscles. Four of these muscles are called EXTENSOR muscles –
extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi
ulnaris and extensor digiti minimi

•The general function of these

muscles is to produce extension
at the wrist and fingers.
SERRATUS ANTERIOR
• The serratus anterior is a muscle that originates on the
surface of the 1st to 8th ribs at the side of the chest and
inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of
the scapula.
• The serratus anterior acts to pull the scapula forward around
the thorax.
LATISSIMUS DORSI
• The latissimus dorsi muscle, whose name means “broadest muscle
of the back,” is one of the widest muscles in the human body. Also
known as the “lat,” it is a large, flat triangular muscle that is not used
strenuously in common daily activities but is an important muscle in
many exercises such as pull-ups, chin-ups, lat pulldowns, and
swimming.
• The muscle runs between the trunk, via an extensive attachment and
the humerus by a narrow tendon.
Origin:
a. Spinous processes of 7th thoracic to 5th Lumbar vertebrae.
b. Iliac crest of sacrum.
c. Thoracolumbar fascia.
d. Inferior angle of the scapula.
e. Lower three or four ribs.[3]
Insertion
Floor of intertubercular (bicipital) groove of humerus.
Nerve supply
• Thoracodorsal nerve (C6 – C8)[4] from the posterior cord of the brachial
plexus, which enters the muscle on its deep surface.
• The skin covering the latissimus dorsi muscle is supplied by roots T4 to T12,
inclusive by both ventral and dorsal rami, as well as the dorsal rami of L1 to
L3.

Blood supply
Thoracordosal Artery from the axillary artery
RECTUS ABDOMINIS
• The rectus abdominis muscle, also known as the "abdominals" or "abs", is a
paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the
human abdomen, as well as that of some other mammals.
• There are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective
tissue called the linea alba.
• The muscle is activated while doing crunches because it pulls the ribs and the
pelvis in and curves the back.

• The muscles are also used when a child is

delivered, during bowel movements, and
coughing.
• Breathing in and holding the rectus
abdominis in pulls in the abdomen.
SARTORIUS
• The sartorius muscle is so long that it crosses and acts upon both the hip and
knee joints. Acting on the hip joint, the sartorius works as a flexor, abductor,
and lateral rotator of the thigh with the assistance of the other major muscles
of the hip. At the knee joint the sartorius helps to flex the leg.
• The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the entire human body. It is a
long, thin, band-like muscle found in the anterior region of the thigh. The
sartorius functions as an important flexor and rotator of the thigh at the hip
joint.
ILIOPSOAS
• A blending of two muscles (the iliacus and psoas major) that
run from the lumbar portion of the vertebral column to the
femur. The main action of the iliopsoas is to flex the thigh at
the hip joint.
QUADRICEPS FEMORIS
• Function: All four quadriceps are powerful extensors of the knee joint.
• They are crucial in walking, running, jumping and squatting.
• Because the rectus femoris attaches to the ilium, it is also a flexor of the hip.
• This action is also crucial to walking or running as it swings the leg forward
into the ensuing step.
VASTUS LATERALIS
• The vastus lateralis, also called the ''vastus externus'' is the largest and
most powerful part of the quadriceps femoris, a muscle in the thigh.
• Together with other muscles of the quadriceps group, it serves to extend the
knee joint, moving the lower leg forward.
• The specific task of the vastus lateralis muscle is to extend the lower leg
and allow the body to rise up from a squatting position.
VASTUS MEDIALIS
• The vastus medialis muscle is a part of the quadriceps muscle
group, located on the front of the thigh.
• It is the most medial, or inner, of the quadriceps muscles.
• This muscle is used to extend the leg at the knee and to stabilize the
patella, which is also known as the kneecap.
ADDUCTOR LONGUS
• The adductor longus is a skeletal muscle located in the thigh.
• It adducts and flexes the thigh at the hip.
• It also contributes to lateral and medial rotation of the thigh. All
adductor muscles in the thighs pull the legs toward the middle when
walking, in order to maintain balance.