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Static and Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity

Concrete has both static and dynamic moduli of elasticity. The static modulus is determined through destructive uniaxial tension/compression testing, while the dynamic modulus is found through non-destructive vibration or pulse velocity testing. The static secant modulus represents concrete's elastic behavior at higher stresses, while the initial tangent and dynamic moduli are similar and not significantly affected by creep. Grouting involves injecting cementitious materials into cracks or voids to improve load capacity. Common grout types include cement, chemical, resin, and bentonite grouts.

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Emmanuel Cafirma Rivera
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3K views25 pages

Static and Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity

Concrete has both static and dynamic moduli of elasticity. The static modulus is determined through destructive uniaxial tension/compression testing, while the dynamic modulus is found through non-destructive vibration or pulse velocity testing. The static secant modulus represents concrete's elastic behavior at higher stresses, while the initial tangent and dynamic moduli are similar and not significantly affected by creep. Grouting involves injecting cementitious materials into cracks or voids to improve load capacity. Common grout types include cement, chemical, resin, and bentonite grouts.

Uploaded by

Emmanuel Cafirma Rivera
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATIC AND DYNAMIC MODULUS OF

ELASTICITY
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND ROCK MECHANICS
Definition of Modulus of Elasticity:

 It can be defined as the slope of the relation between the stress and strain.
It can also be defined as the change of stress with respect to the elastic
strain and may be computed by the following relation.
 Modulus of elasticity = unit stress/unit strain
Modulus of elasticity of concrete is the measurement of the stiffness of the concrete which is a good indicator of
strength.
 At a higher value of modulus of elasticity, the concrete can withstand higher stress and become brittle. In
general, Concrete has an elastic modulus in a range of 30 to 50 Gpa.
 The expression for the modulus of elasticity of concrete, recommended by IS 456:2000 is
 Ec = 5000 √fck
 where fck is the characteristic strength of concrete.
Is concrete an elastic material?

Elasticity is the property of a material by which the material regains its original shape when the load is
withdrawn.

 Yes. Concrete is an elastic material to a certain extent i.e. at low stresses.


Types of Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Static Modulus of elasticity


Static modulus of elasticity of concrete is defined as the slope of the stress-strain curve under uniaxial tension or
compression loading.

 When we test a concrete specimen in tension or compression, the following stress-strain relation is observed.
 Young’s modulus of elasticity can be applied only to the linear portion of the stress-strain curve. When the
curve for concrete is not straight any point, the modulus of elasticity is found out reference to a tangent
drawn the curve at the origin. This is called the initial tangent modulus.
 But it gives a satisfactory result at a low-stress value only.  It is of no practical importance because it applies
only to very small changes in load at which the tangent modulus is considered.
 The modulus of elasticity of concrete which includes both strains is called Secant modulus or chord
modulus. It is the common elastic modulus of concrete. It is given by the slope of the line drawn connecting
a specified point on the curve to the origin of the curve.
 The secant modulus is a static modulus because it is determined on a test specimen.
Dynamic modulus of concrete
 Dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete represents the progressive changes in the state of a concrete
specimen. The change can be observed by determining the fundamental resonant frequency of the specimen
at appropriate stages of the investigation.
 The value of modulus of elasticity Ec determined by actual loading of concrete is known as static
modulus of elasticity. This method of testing is known as destructive method as the specimen is
stressed or loaded till its failure. The static modulus of elasticity does not represent the true elastic
behaviour of concrete due to the phenomenon of creep. At higher stresses the modulus of elasticity
is affected more seriously.
 The dynamic modulus is used to determine the relative durability of concrete when exposed to
severe climatic conditions as the dynamic modulus of concrete changes with the quality of concrete.
This method is very useful to determine the quality of concrete, when it is subjected to alternate
freezing and thawing.
 Thus a non-destructive method of testing known as dynamic method is adopted for determining
the modulus of elasticity. In this case no stress is applied on the specimen. The modulus of
elasticity is determined by subjecting the specimen to longitudinal vibration at their natural
frequency that is why this is known as dynamic modulus.
 In this method either the resonant frequency through a specimen of concrete or pulse velocity
travelling through the concrete is measured. From the known values of length of specimen, density
of concrete and resonant frequency the value of dynamic modulus in S.I. units is determined from
the relation-
 Ed = K.n2L2 ρ
 where,
 Ed = dynamic modulus of elasticity
 K = a constant
 n = resonant frequency
 L = length of specimen
 ρ = density of concrete
 The value of dynamic modulus of elasticity computed from ultrasonic pulse velocity method is
somewhat higher than static modulus of elasticity as the creep remains unaffected in dynamic
modulus. Creep also does not significantly affect the initial tangent modulus. Thus the value of
initial tangent modulus and dynamic modulus is approximately the same, but the value of dynamic
modulus is appreciably higher than secant modulus.
 Grouting is the process of injecting material into cavities or cracks in concrete,
masonry structure, soil, rock-mass to increase the structure’s load-bearing capacity
refers to grouting and the material used for this objective is called grout.
 A mixture of cement, sand, and water or chemical helps to fill gaps refers to grout. It is
used to repair concrete cracks, filling gaps in tiles, sealing joints and gaps filling for
waterproofing and also for soil stabilization.
 Grouting is also done for providing additional strength to the foundation of load-
bearing structures.
 Types of Grouting
 Based on material, grouts are classified as follows:
 Cement Grouting
 Chemical Grouting 
 Resin Grouting
 Bentonite Grouting
 Bituminous Grouting
 Advantages of Grouting
 Grouting can be done in any ground condition.
 It doesn’t produce any vibration and can be controlled; hence there is no chance for structural
damage.
 Ground structure improvement can be measured
 Suitable for limited space and low headroom application.
 Very useful for slab jacking which levels or lifts the deformed foundation.
 It can be done adjacent to an existing wall.
 It helps to control groundwater flow, seepage and hazardous waste material type and its
process.
 Characteristics of Grout
 Grouts are available in premixed powder form, ensuring high quality of mortar.
 It comes as one component product, only requires water and mixing, and it is ready to use.
 It possesses a shrinkage compensation property.
 There is no issue of segregation and bleeding with grout.
 It can be poured and pumped as per the need.
 It contains excellent flowing property.
 Its consistency can be adjusted
 It has suitable adhesion property with concrete.
 It has a high rate of strength development.
 It provides a highly effective bearing area.
 It is non-toxic and inflammable material.
 It possesses the non-corrosive property.
 It offers initial expansion by gas generation.
 G1 Grout
 G1 grout is mainly used for steel structure, small pumps, ships, towers and all other non-vibration
machinery. Still, the precise application of the type of grout at any location should be as per the
relevant drawing.
 It should be cementitious, nonshrinkable, and freeflow with compressive strength equal or greater
than the foundation’s concrete, but not less than 30 n/mm2 in 7 days and 40 n/mm2 in 28 days.
 G2 Grout
 This type of grout is generally used for prefabricated concrete structure, compressor, heavy
equipment subjected to vibration and for massive structure’s column bearing plates.
 The grout’s minimum compressive strength should be 50 N/mm2 in 7 days and 60 n/mm2 in 28 days.
The grout’s flexible strength should exceed 9n/mm2 in 28 days.
REFFERENCES:

 https://www.civillead.com/what-is-grouting/#:~:text=Grouting%20is%20the%20process%20of,this%20objec
tive%20is%20called%20grout
.
 https://www.engineeringenotes.com/concrete-technology/concrete/modulus-of-elasticity-of-concrete-
concrete-technology/31499

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