18CSC203J:COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Syllabus
 LAB
Lab 1: To recognize various components of PC- Input Output systems Processing and Memory units
Lab-2:To understand how different components of PC are connected to work properly Assembling of System
Components
Lab -3To understand how different components of PC are connected to work properly Disassembling of
System Components
Lab4: Study of TASM Addition and Subtraction of 8-bit number
Lab 5: Addition of 16-bit number Subtraction of 16-bit number
Lab-6: Multiplication of 8-bit number Factorial of a given number
Lab-7: Design of Half Adder Design of Full Adder
Lab-8: Study of Ripple Carry Adder Design of Ripple Carry Adder
Lab-9: Study of Carry Look-ahead Adder Design of Carry Look-ahead Adder
Lab-10: Study of Array Multiplier Design of Array Multiplier
Lab-11: Study of Booth Algorithm
Lab-12: Program to carry out Booth Algorithm
Lab-13: Study of Carry Save Multiplication Program to carry out Carry Save Multiplication
Lab-14: Understanding Processing unit Design of primitive processing unit
Lab-15: Understanding Pipeline concepts Design of basic pipeline.
History of Computer
 Types of Computers
• Desktop & Mobile
• Notebook
• Workstations
• Mainframes
• Servers
• Supercomputers
DESKTOP COMPUTERs

• It has
– Processing & Storage units(e.g. Hard disks, CD‐
ROMs),
– visual display &audio output units,
– Input units ( keyboard, mouse, etc)
• It can be easily located on a home or office desk
• Used in homes, schools, business offices,…
 NOTEBOOK COMPUTERs

• Compact form of personal computer (laptop)

• Size of a thin briefcase
• Portable
WORKSTATIONs

• Has high resolution graphics input/output capability

• Has dimensions of desktop computer
• More computational power than PC
• Costlier
• Used to solve complex problems which arises in
engineering application
Mainframe

• Also called Enterprise Systems

• More computational power and storage than
Workstation
• Used for business data processing in medium
to large corporations.
 Servers

• Contain big database storage units.

• Handles large volumes of data requests
• Requests and responses are transported via
Internet
• They are widely accessible to all.
 Supercomputers

• Faster than mainframes

• Helps in large scale numerical calculations
• Used for aircraft design and testing, military
application, weather forecasting, etc.
 What is a computer?

• a computer is a sophisticated electronic calculating machine

that:
– Accepts input data,
– Processes the data according to a list of internally stored instructions
and
– Produces the resulting output information.
• Functions performed by a computer are:
– Accepting information to be processed as input.
– Storing a list of instructions to process the information.
– Processing the information according to the list of instructions.
– Providing the results of the processing as output.
• What are the functional units of a computer?

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 Functional units of a computer
Input unit accepts Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU):
information: •Performs the desired
•Human operators, operations on the input
•Electromechanical devices (keyboard) information as determined
•Other computers by instructions in the memory

Memory
Arithmetic
Input
Instr1 & Logic
Instr2
Instr3
Data1
Output Data2 Control

I/O Processor
Stores
information: Control unit coordinates
Output unit sends various actions
•Instructions,
results of processing: •Input,
•To a monitor display, •Data
•Output
•To a printer •Processing

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In Computer Architecture, the General System Architecture is divided into two major
classification units.
•Store Program Control Concept
•Flynn's Classification of Computers
 Stored-Program Concept
The term Stored Program Control Concept refers to the storage of instructions in computer
memory to enable it to perform a variety of tasks in sequence or intermittently.

late 1040s by John von Neumann

who proposed that a program be electronically stored in the binary-number format in a memory
device so that instructions could be modified by the computer as determined by intermediate
computational results.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first computing system
designed in the early 1940s. It was based on Stored Program Concept in which machine use
memory for processing data.

Instructions and
data both stored in
memory unit

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 Flynn's Classification of Computers
M.J. Flynn proposed a classification for the organization of a computer system by the number of instructions and data items
that are manipulated simultaneously.

The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes an instruction stream.

The operations performed on the data in the processor constitute a data stream.

Parallel processing may occur in the instruction stream, in the data stream, or both.
four major groups that are:
•Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD)
•Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD)
•Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD)
•Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD)
 MEMORY
A memory unit is the collection of storage units or devices together.

The memory unit stores the binary information in the form of bits.

Generally, memory/storage is classified into 2 categories:

•Volatile Memory: This loses its data, when power is switched off.
•Non-Volatile Memory: This is a permanent storage and does not lose any data when power
is switched off
A collection of cells, each with a unique physical address

Most computers are byte-addressable

Cell at address 11111110 contains 10101010

 Memory
Memory
What does 10101010 mean?

No way to answer that

Could be an instruction, a natural

number, a signed integer, a
character, part of an image, …
 Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Performs basic arithmetic operations such as
addition and subtraction
Performs logical operations such as AND, OR,
and NOT
Most modern ALUs have a small amount of
special storage units called registers that can be
accessed faster than main memory

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 Computer Registers
• Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data
and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU.
• The registers used by the CPU are often termed as Processor registers.
• A processor register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any data (such as bit
sequence or individual characters).
•Memory buffer register (MBR): Contains a word to be stored in memory or sent to the I/O
unit, or is used to receive a word from memory or from the I/O unit.

•Memory address register (MAR): Specifies the address in memory of the word to be
written from or read into the MBR

•Instruction buffer register (IBR): Employed to hold temporarily the right-hand instruction
from a word in memory

•Accumulator (AC) and multiplier quotient (MQ): Employed to hold temporarily operands
and results of ALU operations.
Structure of IAS Computer
Expanded Structure of IAS Computer
 Input/Output Units
Input Unit
A device through which data and programs from
the outside world enter the computer system;
Can you name three?

Output unit
A device through which results stored in the
computer memory are made available outside the
computer system
Can you name two?

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 Control Unit
Control unit
The organizing force in the computer
Instruction register (IR)
Contains the instruction that is being executed
Program counter (PC)
Contains the address of the next instruction to be
executed
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
ALU and the control unit called the Central Processing
Unit, or CPU
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 Flow of Information
Bus
In general: A communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer or
between computers; the medium (wires, optical fiber, etc.) and the protocols (rules for sharing the
medium nicely)

“The” bus: Connects the CPU, main memory, I/O devices, and possibly other components (e.g. hard
disk drive)

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 What is an N-bit Processor?
It could mean any of these:
• N-bit general registers
• N-bit ALU
• N-bit addresses
• N-bit data bus

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 The Fetch-Execute Cycle
Fetch the next instruction
Decode the instruction
Get data if needed
Execute the instruction

Why is it called a cycle?

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The Fetch-Execute Cycle

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 RAM and ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Memory in which each location can be accessed and
changed
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Memory in which each location can be accessed but
not changed
RAM is volatile, ROM is not
What does volatile mean?

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 Secondary Storage Devices
Why is it necessary to have secondary storage
devices?

Can you name some of these devices?

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 Magnetic Tape
The first truly mass
auxiliary storage device
was the magnetic tape
drive

Tape drives have a

major problem; can
you describe it?
Magnetic Disks
 Magnetic Disks
Seek time
Time for read/write head to be over right track

Latency
Time for sector to be in position

Access time
Can you define it?

Transfer rate
Rate at which data moves from the disk to memory

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 Optical Disks
CD
A compact disk that uses a laser to read information stored optically on a plastic-
coated disk; data is evenly distributed around spiral track
CD-ROM read-only memory
CD-DA digital audio
CD-WORM write once, read many
RW or RAM both read from and written to

DVD
Digital Versatile Disk, used for storing audio and video

Blu-ray
Higher capacity DVD allowing higher resolution video, etc.

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 Flash Drives
Flash Memory
Nonvolatile
Can be erased and rewritten
Supports USB mass storage standard

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