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Bode Plot Basics

The document discusses Bode plots, which are used to analyze the frequency response of systems. It defines Bode plots as semilog plots of a transfer function's magnitude and phase angle versus frequency. Straight line approximations can be drawn on Bode plots based on the locations of poles and zeros. Examples are provided to illustrate how to construct Bode plots from a system's transfer function and extract the transfer function from a given Bode plot.

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Ananiah Durai
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
109 views

Bode Plot Basics

The document discusses Bode plots, which are used to analyze the frequency response of systems. It defines Bode plots as semilog plots of a transfer function's magnitude and phase angle versus frequency. Straight line approximations can be drawn on Bode plots based on the locations of poles and zeros. Examples are provided to illustrate how to construct Bode plots from a system's transfer function and extract the transfer function from a given Bode plot.

Uploaded by

Ananiah Durai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture on Bode Plots

• Frequency Response
• Bode plots
• Examples

1
Frequency Response
• The transfer function can be separated into magnitude
and phase angle information
H(j) = |H(j)| Φ(j)

e.g., H(j)=Z(j)

2
Bode Plots
• A Bode plot is a (semilog) plot of the transfer function magnitude
and phase angle as a function of frequency
• The gain magnitude is many times expressed in terms of decibels
(dB)
dB = 20 log10 A
where A is the amplitude or gain
– a decade is defined as any 10-to-1 frequency range
– an octave is any 2-to-1 frequency range
20 dB/decade = 6 dB/octave

3
Bode Plots
• Straight-line approximations of the Bode plot may be
drawn quickly from knowing the poles and zeros
– response approaches a minimum near the zeros
– response approaches a maximum near the poles
• The overall effect of constant, zero and pole terms
Term Magnitude Asymptotic Asymptotic
Break Magnitude Slope Phase Shift

Constant (K) N/A 0 0


Zero upward +20 dB/decade + 90
Pole downward –20 dB/decade – 90

4
Bode Plots

• Express the transfer function in standard form

H ( j ) 
 
K  j  (1  j 1 ) 1  2 2 ( j 2 )  ( j 2 ) 2 
N

 
(1  j a ) 1  2 b ( j b )  ( j b ) 2 
• There are four different factors:
– Constant gain term, K
– Poles or zeros at the origin, (j)±N
– Poles or zeros of the form (1+ j)
– Quadratic poles or zeros of the form 1+2(j)+(j)2

5
Bode Plots

• We can combine the constant gain term (K) and the N


pole(s) or zero(s) at the origin such that the magnitude
crosses 0 dB at
K
Pole :  0 dB  K 1/ N

( j ) N
Zero : K ( j ) N  0 dB  (1 / K )1 / N

• Define the break frequency to be at ω=1/ with


magnitude at ±3 dB and phase at ±45°

6
Bode Plot Summary

Magnitude Behavior Phase Behavior


Factor Low Break Asymptotic Low Break Asymptotic
Freq Freq

Constant 20 log10(K) for all frequencies 0 for all frequencies


Poles or ±20N dB/decade for all ±90(N) for all frequencies
zeros at origin frequencies with a crossover of
0 dB at ω=1
First order 0 dB ±3N dB ±20N 0 ±45(N) with ±90(N)
(simple) poles at ω=1/ dB/decade slope ±45(N)
or zeros per decade
Quadratic 0 dB see ζ at ±40N 0 ±90(N) ±180(N)
poles or zeros ω=1/ dB/decade

where N is the number of roots of value τ


7
Single Pole & Zero Bode Plots
Gain ωp Gain ωz

0 dB +20 dB

–20 dB 0 dB
ω ω
Phase One Phase One
Decade Decade
0° +90°

–45° +45°

–90° 0°
ω ω

Pole at Assume K=1 Zero at


ωp=1/ 20 log10(K) = 0 dB ωz=1/
8
Bode Plot Refinements
• Further refinement of the magnitude characteristic for
first order poles and zeros is possible since
Magnitude at half break frequency: |H(½b)| = ±1 dB
Magnitude at break frequency: |H(b)| = ±3 dB
Magnitude at twice break frequency: |H(2b)| = ±7 dB
• Second order poles (and zeros) require that the damping
ratio ( value) be taken into account; see Fig. 9-30 in
textbook

9
Bode Plots to Transfer Function

• We can also take the Bode plot and extract the transfer
function from it (although in reality there will be error
associated with our extracting information from the
graph)
• First, determine the constant gain factor, K
• Next, move from lowest to highest frequency noting the
appearance and order of the poles and zeros

10
Class Examples

• Drill Problems P9-3, P9-4, P9-5, P9-6 (hand-drawn Bode


plots)
• Determine the system transfer function, given the Bode
magnitude plot below

|H(ω)| +20 dB/decade –20 dB/decade

6 dB –40 dB/decade

ω (rad/sec)
0.1 0.7 2 11 90
11
Class Examples

• Drill Problems P9-3, P9-4, P9-5

12

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