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Pressure Loading of Thin Walled Cylindrical and Spherical Shells

1) A thin-walled cylindrical shell under internal pressure experiences circumferential and longitudinal stresses that can be calculated based on the pressure, radius, and thickness. 2) The maximum shear stress occurs on planes at 45 degrees to the circumference and is equal to half the circumferential stress. 3) For a thin spherical shell under pressure, the radial stress is uniform and can be calculated from the pressure, radius, and thickness. The volumetric strain is proportional to this stress. 4) For a cylinder with hemispherical ends, the thicknesses of the cylinder and ends must be proportioned so that the radial expansions are equal to minimize bending stresses at the junction.

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157 views16 pages

Pressure Loading of Thin Walled Cylindrical and Spherical Shells

1) A thin-walled cylindrical shell under internal pressure experiences circumferential and longitudinal stresses that can be calculated based on the pressure, radius, and thickness. 2) The maximum shear stress occurs on planes at 45 degrees to the circumference and is equal to half the circumferential stress. 3) For a thin spherical shell under pressure, the radial stress is uniform and can be calculated from the pressure, radius, and thickness. The volumetric strain is proportional to this stress. 4) For a cylinder with hemispherical ends, the thicknesses of the cylinder and ends must be proportioned so that the radial expansions are equal to minimize bending stresses at the junction.

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Chris Adaminovic
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© © All Rights Reserved
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12: PRESSURE LOADING OF THIN WALLED

CYLINDRICAL AND SHERICAL SHELLS


• A cylindrical shell under internal pressure is a
problem of combined stresses.
• Consider a long cylindrical shell subjected to an
internal pressure p,

Fig.1: Long thin cylindrical shell with closed ends under internal pressure
• The internal pressure acting on the long sides of the
cylinder gives rise to a circumferential stress 1 in the
wall of the cylinder.
• If the ends of the cylinder are closed, the pressure acting
on these ends is transmitted to the wall of the cylinder
thus producing a longitudinal stress 2 in the walls.

Fig.2: Circumferential and longitudinal stresses in a thin cylinder with closed ends
under internal pressure
• Suppose r is the mean radius of the cylinder,
and that its thickness t is small compared with r.
Consider a unit length remote from the closed
ends. Suppose the unit length is cut with a
diametrical plane as shown in fig. 3 bellow

Fig.3: Stresses in the wall of a thin cylinder under internal pressure


• The tensile stresses acting on the cut section are 1 acting
circumferentially and 2 acting longitudinally. Note that
There is an internal pressure p on the inside of the halt
shell.
• Consider equilibrium of a unit long half shell in a plane
perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder (see fig.4 below).
• For equilibrium
p  ( 2r  1)   1  2(t  1)
pr
 1  [1]
t
1 is called circumferential stress

Fig.4: Derivation of Circumferential stresses in a thin cylinder under internal pressure


• Consider any transverse cross section of the
cylinder remote from the ends.

Fig.5: Derivation of Longitudinal stresses in a thin cylinder under internal pressure

The total longitudinal force on each closed end due to internal pressure is

r2 .p
At any section this is resisted by the internal stress 2 as shown above
• The longitudinal forces are given by 2.A where A
is the shaded area in fig.6

 2
t  t 
2

A    r     r   
 2  2 
 t  t   t  t 
A    r     r     r     r  
 2  2   2  2 
 A  2 r t

 2    r  t   2  r 2 p
Fig.6: Wall of a Thin Cylinder
r p
Hence  2  [2]
2t

 = longitudinal stress. Note that 2 = . 1


• From above it follows that the stresses acting on
an element of the wall of a thin long cylinder
under internal pressure consist of circumferential
stress 1, a longitudinal stress 2 and a radial
stress p on the internal face of the element.

Fig.7: Stresses acting on an element of the wall of a cylindrical


shell with closed ends under internal pressure
Shear Stresses in the wall of a thin long cylinder
under internal pressure
• Since (r/t) is very much greater than unity, p is very small compared with
1 and 2 (note p=1.(t/r)=22.(t/r)
• Thus, the state of stress in the wall of the cylinder approximates to a
simple two dimensional system with the principal stresses 1 and 2

Fig.8: Stresses acting on a wall element of the cylinder

• consider
To determine the maximum shear stress in the wall one has to
the maximum shear stress in the plane of  and  , the
1 2
maximum shear stress in the plane of 1 and p, and the maximum
shear stress in the plane of 2 and p
•The maximum shearing stress in the plane of 1 and 2 is given by
pr
 max   1   2  
1 [3]
2 4t
•The maximum shearing stress in the plane of 1 and p is given by
pr
 max   1  p    1  
1 1 [4]
2 2 2t
•The maximum shearing stress in the plane of 2 and p is given by
pr
 max   2  p    2  
1 1
2 2 4t
[5]
• Thus The maximum shearing stress in the wall is given by eq. [4]: it
occurs on a plane at 45o to the tanget and parallel to the axis of the cylinder
Deformations of the Cylinder
• The circumferential and longitudinal stresses are
accompanied by direct strains which are given by:
1 
1
  1   2   pr 1  1   [6]
E Et  2 
1 pr  1 
 2    2   1       [7]
E Et  2 

Increase in the circumference = 2  r   1  2    r


Thus, increase in the mean radius = r  r 1
[8]
Increase in the length = L  L0   2
Change in Volume of cylinder = V  r L0  2 1   2 
2

V
Volumetric Strain of cylinder =  21   2 [9]
V
Volumetric Strain of the Cylinder
V  r 1  1  L 0 1   2   r 2 L0
2 2

neglegting products of two small quantities


V  r 2 L0   21   2 
V
  2 1   2 [10]
V
In terms of p, r, t, Eand this becomes

V pr   1   1  pr  5  [11]
 2 1   2   21            2 
V Et   2   2  Et  2 

Note that the above expression was obtained via the


stresses 1 and 2
Thin Spherical Shells
• Consider a thin spherical shell of mean radius r
and thickness t, which is subjected to internal
pressure p.
• Consider any diametrical plane through the
shell.
• The total force normal to this plane due to p acting on a hemisphere is pxr2
• This force is resisted by a tensile force in the walls of the shell. For equilibrium of the
hemisphere:
p x r2=x 2rt

Thus

pr [12]

2t
• At any point of the shell the direst stress  has the same
magnitude in all directions
• Since p is small compared with , the maximum shearing stress
occurs on planes at 45o to the tangent plane at any point
• If the shell remains ealstic the circumference of the sphere in any
diametrical plane is strained by an amount

1 
        1    [13]
E E
The Volumetric Strain of the sphere is therefore

V 3 3 pr
 3  1     1    [14]
V E 2 Et
Cylindrical Shell with Hemispherical Ends
• Hemispherical ends can reduce the bending stresses in
the ends of cylindrical pressure vessels.
• The thicknesses t1 of the wall and t2 of the ends are
proportioned in such a way that the bending stresses at
the junction of the two parts are minimal.
• To achieve this the radial expansions for both cylinder
and hemisphere must be the same

Cylindrical shell with hemispherical ends


• From equations [6] the circumferential strain in
the cylinder is
pr  1  [15]
  cyl 1   
Et1  2 
• From equations [13] the circumferential strain in the
hemisphere is
pr
 hsphr  1    [16]
2 Et2
• If these are equal then
pr  1  pr
1     1   
Et1  2  2 Et2
• This gives
t1 2   [17]

t 2 1

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