Introduction To Analog Filters: The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee
Introduction To Analog Filters: The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee
Analog Filters
wlg
Filters
Background:
lowpass highpass
bandpass bandstop
Passive Analog Filters
Background: Realistic Filters:
lowpass highpass
bandpass bandstop
Passive Analog Filters
Background:
R +
+
V I C VO
_
_
1
VO ( jw) jwC 1
Vi ( jw) R
1 1 jwRC
jwC
Passive Analog Filters
Low Pass Filter
0 dB
-3 dB . Bode
1
x
0.707 Linear Plot
0 1/RC
Passive Analog Filters
High Pass Filter Consider the circuit below.
+
C
+
Vi R
_ VO
_
VO ( jw) R jwRC
Vi ( jw) R 1 1 jwRC
jwC
Passive Analog Filters
High Pass Filter
0 dB
. -3 dB
Passes high frequencies
Bode
1/RC Attenuates low frequencies
1/RC
1
0.707 x.
Linear
0 1/RC
Passive Analog Filters
Bandpass Pass Filter Consider the circuit shown below:
C L +
+
Vi R VO
_
_
R
VO ( s ) s
L
Vi ( s) s 2 R s 1
L LC
Passive Analog Filters
Bandpass Pass Filter
We can make a bandpass from the previous equation and select
the poles where we like. In a typical case we have the following shapes.
0 dB
-3 dB
. . Bode
lo hi
1 . .
0.707
Linear
0 lo hi
Passive Analog Filters
Bandpass Pass Filter Example
Suppose we use the previous series RLC circuit with output across R to
design a bandpass filter. We will place poles at –200 rad/sec and – 2000 rad/sec
hoping that our –3 dB points will be located there and hence have a bandwidth
of 1800 rad/sec. To match the RLC circuit form we use:
0.0055 jw
jw jw
(1 )(1 )
200 2000
Passive Analog Filters
Bandpass Pass Filter Example
From this last expression we notice from the part involving the zero we
have in dB form;
20log(.0055) + 20logw
R
s
L ( w1 w2 ) s
2
R 1
(s2 s ) ( s ( w1 w2 ) s w1w2 )
L LC
What is the problem with this?
Passive Analog Filters
Bandpass Pass Filter Example
The problem is that we have
R
w1 w2 BW ( w2 w1 )
L
Therein lies the problem. Obviously the above cannot be true and that
is why we have aproblem at the –3 dB points.
-10
-15
100
50
To: Y(1)
-50
-100
2 3 4
10 10 10
A Bandpass Digital Filter
Perhaps going in the direction to stimulate your interest in taking a course
on filtering, a 10 order analog bandpass butterworth filter will be
simulated using Matlab. The program is given below.
N = 10; %10th order butterworth analog prototype
R +
+ L
Vi VO
_ Gv (s ) C
1
2
s
Gv ( s ) LC
R 1
s2 s
L LC
RLC Band Stop Filter
Comments
This is of the form of a band stop filter. We see we have complex zeros
on the jw axis located
1
j
LC
From the characteristic equation we see we have two poles. The poles
an essentially be placed anywhere in the left half of the s-plane. We
see that they will be to the left of the zeros on the jw axis.
s 2 300000
s 2 3100s 300000
num = [1 0 300000];
w = 1 : 5 : 10000;
Bode(num,den,w)
RLC Band Stop Filter
Example
Bode
Matlab
Basic Active Filters
Low pass filter
C
R fb
+ R in +
V in
_ V O
_
Basic Active Filters
High pass
R fb
C R in
+
V in +
_ V O
_
Basic Active Filters
C 1 R 2 R fb
R 1 R 2
R i
+
V in
_ +
V O
_
Basic Active Filters
Band stop filter
C 1
R 1
R 1
R fb
R 2 R i
+ C 2 +
V in V O
_
_