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Akanksha Gaikwad (7)

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 INTRODUCTION
 A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.

 When a LED is forward biased, electrons are able to recombine

with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of
the light is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.

 The first practical visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in

1962 by Nick Holonyak Jr.

 Light-emitting diodes are made up of using semiconductors such as

Gallium Arsenide, Gallium Phosphide, and Gallium Nitride
SYMBOL:
The longer leg of the diode
represents the positive
terminal while the shorter
leg shows the negative
terminal.

The flat side also indicates

which leg is negative.
 CONSTRUCTION
The LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material
doped with impurities to create a p-n junction.

A semiconductor wafer is made. To keep them from

escaping into the pressurized gas in the chamber, they are
often covered with a layer of liquid boron oxide. This is
known as LIQUID ENCAPSULATION.

Additional layers of semiconductor crystals are grown on

the surface of wafers. These layers are called Epitaxial
Layers and the process is LIQUID PHASE EPITAXY.
WIRE BONDING:
Welding of a tiny wire
from the top surface of the
die to the post.

EPOXY CASTING: The

lead frame is placed in a
mould and optical-grade
epoxy resin is poured and
oven cured.
MECHANISM BEHIND PHOTON
EMISSION
Mechanism is “injection electroluminescence”.

Luminescence is defined as the emission of optical

radiation as a result of a material being subjected to
electronic excitation.

Electro part tells us that an electric field or current

provides the excitation.
 WORKING
When current flows across
a diode negative electrons
move one way and positive
holes move the other way.

The holes exist at a lower

energy level than the free
electrons. Therefore when
a free electrons falls it
losses energy
This energy is emitted in a
form of a photon, which
causes light

The color of the light is

determined by the fall of
the electron and hence
energy level of the photon
DIRECT AND INDIRECT BANDGAP
In order to achieve a reasonable
efficiency for photon emission,
the semiconductor must have a
direct band gap.
In such case electron and hole can
recombine with no change in
momentum and a photon or light
wave can be emitted.
In indirect bandgap materials
conduction-band electrons have
to change their momentum to
drop to the valence band. It
doesn’t make light emission
impossible, but it does make it
very difficult because the radiative
lifetime is of the order of
milliseconds.
 Conventional LEDs are made of
inorganic minerals such as:
MATERIAL COLOUR
aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) red and infrared
gallium arsenide/phosphide (GaAsP) red, orange and yellow
gallium nitride (GaN) green
gallium phosphide (GaP) green
zinc selenide (ZnSe) blue
indium gallium nitride (InGaN) blue
silicon carbide (SiC) blue
diamond (C) ultraviolet
 OLED
OLED stands for organic light emitting diode.
It comprises of an organic material that can emit photons
and therefore light when electrons are conducted through
them.
For example OLEDs contain substances which are the
combination of carbon and hydrogen like wood, sugar and
lots of plastics.
OLED consists of a layer of organic material that is
sandwiched between two conductors (called anode and
cathode).
When electric Current is passed into the two conductors, a
bright and electro-luminescent light is produced directly
from the organic material.
OLEDs have been proposed for a wide range of display
applications including magnified micro displays, wearable,
head-mounted computers, digital cameras, personal
digital assistants, smart pagers, virtual reality games, and
mobile phones as well as medical, automotive, and other
industrial applications.
LATEST LED TECHNOLOGIES
LED bulbs
In street lights
LED display
In automobiles
In traffic lights
Photosensor applications
In medical science
 LED BULBS
LED bulb should be a 40-watt
replacement and it should
consume just 9 watts and save
77 percent energy.

LED bulbs will last more than

25 times longer than average
bulb, and that’s about 25,000
working hours.

They are about ten times more

energy efficient than
incandescent bulbs.
ADVANTAGES:-
Robust and shock resistant because of its light weight and no
brittle parts.
Longer lifespan
Low maintenance
Eco-friendly

DRAWBACK:-
Too costly to be used by a common man.
BUT the prices will inevitably fall, because the writing on the
wall is clear- LEDs ARE THE FUTURE OF HOME LIGHTING.
 LEDs In Medical Science
Biologists have found that cells exposed to near-infrared light
from LEDs, grow 150 to 200 times faster than cells not
stimulated by such light.

Many times young bone-marrow transplant recipients

contract this condition, which produces ulcerations in the
mouth and throat, severe pain. It uses a treatment device
which is a 3-by-5-inch portable, flat array of light-emitting
diodes.
 LEDs as Treatment Device
It was held on the outside
of a patient's left cheek for
just over a minute each day.

The process was repeated

over the patient's right
cheek, but with foil placed
between the LED array and
the patient, to provide a
sham treatment for
comparison.
LED TV  LED television's display is actually LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display), it is the
backlight only that is made up of LEDs.
 On a typical LCD TV, cold cathode
fluorescent lamps (CCFL) provide the
backlighting through a special plastic
sheet called a light guide that
distributes light from a fluorescent
tube evenly over the surface of the TV.
 On an LED-backlit TV, fluorescent
tubes are replaced with light-emitting
diodes – LEDs
 LED TVs have an efficiency
improvement of up to 30 percent over
fluorescent-based sets.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLASMA, LCD AND
LED TV
 On the CONTRAST RATIO parameter, the plasma TV clearly has the
upper hand. The LED TV comes next in the race and the LCD TV
comes last.
 On the VIEWING ANGLE parameter, the plasma TV is the winner
again, followed by the LED TV in second place and the LCD TV in the
last place.
 On the POWER CONSUMPTION parameter the LED TV is the
winner, followed by the LCD and the plasma.
 On the LIFESPAN PARAMETER the LCD TV and plasma have
similar lifespan, while that of the LED TV remains untested, as its a
relatively new technology.
 On the PRICE parameter plasma is number 1 at the moment, but
faces fierce competition from the LCD in the future. LED is still very
far behind in the pricing race.
Photo Sensor Applications Of LEDs
A Photosensor is an electronic component that detects the
presence of visible light, infrared transmission and
ultraviolet energy.
It is a combination of a LED with a photo detector such as
a diode or transistor.

Example:
 Medical Instrumentation
 Bar Code Readers
 Color & Money Sensors
 Encoders
Signal Applications With LEDs
 Almost every major city in
North America and abroad is
using LEDs in traffic signal
applications.
 LEDs offer enormous benefits
over traditional incandescent
lamps including:
 Energy savings (up to 85% less
power than incandescent
 Reduction in maintenance
costs. LEDs lifespan averages 7-
10 years
 Increased visibility in daylight
and adverse weather conditions.
SOME FACTS ABOUT LEDs AND OLEDs
The near-infrared light emitted by LEDs seems to be perfect for
increasing energy inside cells.
Glowing red light emitted by LEDs has been used to grow plants
on NASA's Space Shuttle.
In the near future LED TVs will be as thin as a credit card and
will go on a wall like wall paper. The technology is very new and
expensive.
The newspaper of the future might be an OLED display that
refreshes with breaking news and like a regular newspaper, you
could fold it up when you're done reading it and stick it in your
backpack or briefcase.
New generation LED will purify water, make lights that mimic
the colour of sunshine, and keep private data immune from
hackers.
 CONCLUSION
LED lighting has been in existence for many years. However,
due to LED lighting being highly energy efficient, not to
mention technologically superior over other light sources
numerous applications are sure to evolve further.
THE END