OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS (LINUX)

Lab Instructor
Maria Iqbal
Email: [email protected]
GUIDELINES
 Be attentive in lab
 There will be no retake of any quiz/activity, whatever
Circumstances are.
 Strictly follow your deadlines otherwise be ready for
penalties.
 Follow given instructions in class and report your query
in time otherwise don’t complaint.
GUIDELINES
 There will be no re-evaluation for any marks, when
report time is over.
 If You don’t want to study Leave the Class let others
Study.
 100% attendance will be 5 marks.

 You will be given zero (negative marks) for copy cases

(Both parties).
OPERATING SYSTEM

• What is Operating System?

• Supports computer’s basic functions
• What tasks an OS Perform?
• Processor management
• Memory management
• Device management
• Storage management
• Application interface
• User interface
OPERATING SYSTEM

 A kernel is a program at the

heart of any operating system
that takes care of fundamental
stuff, like letting hardware
communicate with software.
INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE

 VMware Workstation Pro 12.5.2

 Virtual Box

 Ubuntu Desktop Application 14.04

 RedHat

 Kali Linux
OPERATING SYSTEMS

 Windows
 Linux

 MAC OS

 Android

 IOS
LINUX
 Released on Sep 17,1991 by Linus Torvalds
 Open Source Operating System

 Also known Linux OS

 Freely distributable

 Cross platform

 Based on Unix

 Install on PCs, laptop, Mobile and Tablet devices,

Netbooks, video game consoles, super computers and
more.
UNIX
  Operating System
 Developed in 1960

 GUI similar to Microsoft Windows

 Linux is version of Unix

OVERVIEW OF Linux SYSTEM
Kernel & Shell
 Unix/Linux is operating system (OS).
 Linux system is described as kernel & shell.

 Kernel is a main program of Linux system. it User

controls hardware's, CPU, memory, hard disk, input
network card etc.

Shell
 Shell is an interface between user and kernel.
Shell interprets your input as commands and
pass them to kernel. Kernel
THE LINUX SYSTEM
Linux OVERVIEW (CONT.)

Directory Structure
 Files are put in a directory.
 All directories are in a hierarchical structure (tree structure).
 User can put and remove any directories on the tree.
 Top directory is “/”, which is called slash or root.
 Users have the own directory. (home directory)
Linux OVERVIEW (CONT.)
Directory Structure
SPECIAL FILES

 • /home -all users’ home directories are stored here
 • /bin, /usr/bin - system commands

 • /etc - all sorts of configuration files

 • /var - logs, spool directories etc.

 • /dev - device files

 • /proc - special system files
VIRTUAL MACHINE(VMWARE)
 What is a virtual machine?
 In computing, a virtual machine(VM) is an emulation of a computer
system virtual machines are based on computer architecture and
provide functionality of a physical computer.

 VirtualBox and VMWare

 ISO files – Ubuntu ISO file
 Ubuntu installation on VirtualBox or VMware
LINUX OVERVIEW (CONT.)
Normal user and Super user
 In Linux system, there is one special user for administrator, which can do
anything.
 This special user is called root or superuser.

Case Sensitivity
 Linux is case-sensitive.

 MYFILE.doc, Myfile.doc, mYfiLe.Doc are different.

Online Manual
 Linux has well-written online manuals.
LINUX GET ITS DUE ATTENTION
 The main advantage of Linux was that programmers were
able to use the Linux Kernel to design their own custom
operating systems. With time, a new range of user-friendly
OS's stormed the computer world.
 Linux is one of the most popular and widely used
Kernel, and it is the backbone of popular operating
systems like Debian, Knoppix, Ubuntu, and Fedora. 
THE BENEFITS OF USING LINUX
 Linux is offers a free operating system
 Being open-source, anyone with programming
knowledge can modify it.
 The Linux operating systems now offer millions of
programs/applications to choose from, most of them
free!
 Linux is the OS of choice for Server environments due to
its stability and reliability (Mega-companies like
Amazon, Facebook, and Google use Linux for their
Servers). A Linux based server could run non-stop
without a reboot for years on end.
LINUX VS WINDOWS: WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

 It's time to make the big switch from your Windows or

Mac OS operating system.
 Mac OS uses a UNIX core. Your switch from Mac OS to
Linux will be relatively smooth.
 It's the Windows users who will need some adjusting. In
this tutorial will introduce the Linux OS and compare it
with Window
LINUX OS AND COMPARE IT WITH
WINDOWS.

 Windows Vs. Linux: File System

 Linux Types of Files

 Windows Vs. Linux: Users

 Windows Vs. Linux: File Name Convention

 Windows Vs. Linux: HOME Directory

 Windows Vs. Linux: Other Directories

 Windows Vs. Linux: Key Differences

WINDOWS VS. LINUX FILE SYSTEM

 In Microsoft Windows, files are stored in folders on

different data drives like C: D: E:
 But, in Linux, files are ordered in a tree structure
starting with the root directory
 A general tree file system on your UNIX may look like
this.
TYPE OF FILES

In Linux and UNIX, everything is a file. Directories are files, files are files, and devices like
Printer, mouse, keyboard etc are files.

General Files
General Files also called as Ordinary files. They can contain image, video, program or
simply text These are the most commonly used files by Linux Users.

Directory Files
These files are a warehouse for other file types. You can have a directory file within a
directory (sub-directory).You can take them as 'Folders' found in Windows operating syst

Device Files:
In MS Windows, devices like Printers, CD-ROM, and hard drives are represented as drive
letters like G: H:. In Linux, there are represented as files.For example, if the first SATA hard
drive had three primary partitions, they would be named and numbered as /dev/sda1,
/dev/sda2 and /dev/sda3.
WINDOWS VS. LINUX: USERS
 There are 3 types of users in Linux.
 Regular

 Administrative(root)

 Service

 Regular User
 A regular user account is created for you when you install Ubuntu on your system. All your files and folders
are stored in /home/ which is your home directory. As a regular user, you do not have access to directories
of other users.
 Root User

 Other than your regular account another user account called root is created at the time of installation. The
root account is a superuser who can access restricted files, install software and has administrative
privileges. Whenever you want to install software, make changes to system files or perform any
administrative task on Linux; you need to log in as a root user. Otherwise, for general tasks like playing
music and browsing the internet, you can use your regular account.
 Service user

 Linux is widely used as a Server Operating System. Services such as Apache, email, etc. have their
own individual service accounts.  Having service accounts increases the security of your computer
 In Windows, there are 4 types of user account types.

 Administrator

 Standard

 Child

 Guest
WINDOWS VS. LINUX: FILE NAME
CONVENTION
 In Windows, you cannot have 2 files with the same name
In the same folder. See below –
WINDOWS VS. LINUX: FILE NAME
CONVENTION
 While in Linux, you can have 2 files with the same name
in the same directory, provided they use different cases
BASIC COMMANDS
Commands
 ls show files in current position
 cd change directory
 cp copy file or directory
 mv move file or directory
 rm remove file or directory
 pwd show current position
 mkdir create directory
 rmdir remove directory
 less, more, cat display file contents
 man command read the online manual
page for a command
 whatis give brief description of a
command
BASIC COMMANDS
Commands
 su switch user
 passwd change password
 useradd create new user account
 userdel delete user account
 mount mount file system
 umount unmount file system
 df show disk space usage
 shutdown reboot or turn off machine
REFERENCES

 http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/linux.htm
 http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/linux_os.html
 https://www.guru99.com/linux-differences.html