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Week 1 Intro of Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a field that uses living organisms or organic materials to develop products for human benefit. It has applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. In medicine, biotechnology is used to develop pharmaceuticals through techniques like recombinant DNA, to diagnose and treat diseases through gene therapy and testing, and to engineer tissues. Key benefits include better targeting of treatments for specific diseases and patient groups.

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90 views

Week 1 Intro of Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a field that uses living organisms or organic materials to develop products for human benefit. It has applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. In medicine, biotechnology is used to develop pharmaceuticals through techniques like recombinant DNA, to diagnose and treat diseases through gene therapy and testing, and to engineer tissues. Key benefits include better targeting of treatments for specific diseases and patient groups.

Uploaded by

Maui
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Biotechnology
• Biotechnology is a field of science and
technology which deals with the use of
microorganism to convert raw materials
into desirable products such as
medicine, chemicals, food and other
products. It also focused on the
manipulation of biological system of an
organism for the improvement of human
lives.
• Advances in Science and
technology have resulted more
and better applications of
biotechnology in health and
medicine, food and agriculture,
environment and industry.
• Application of biotechnology in medicine
is focused on the diagnosis and
treatment of disease and genetic
disorders;. in agriculture is focused on
the improvement of animal breeds and
crop varieties; in environment it is
focused on improving the quality of air,
land and water; and in industry it is
focused on the different industrial
processes in producing products.
What is Biotechnology?
• Biotechnology is the manipulation of
living organisms and organic material to
serve human needs.
• Examples:
– Yeast in bread making and alcohol
production
– Use of beneficial bacteria (penicillin) to kill
harmful organisms
– Cloning of plants and animals
– Artificial insemination
4 Application in
Biotechnology
• Biotechnology in Medicine/
Health
• Biotechnology in Industry
• Biotechnology in Agriculture
• Biotechnology in Environment
Pioneers in
Biotechnology
Antony van Leeuwenhoek

• 1675
• Discovers bacteria using a simple
microscope
Gregor Mendel
• 1863
• Austrian monk who
conducted the first
genetics experiments
using pea plants in
the mid 1800s.
• Often considered the
founder of genetics.
Louis Pasteur
• 1870’s
• Disproved the notion of
spontaneous generation,
describing the role of
bacteria in spoilage and the
scientific basis for
fermentation
• Created the rabies vaccine
Robert Hooke

• 1665
• Invented the compound light microscope
• First to observe cells in cork
James Watson & Francis
Crick
• 1953
• Englishmen
responsible for the
discovery of the
double helix
structure of DNA
using X-ray
photographs
Paul Berg

• 1972
• Stanford University
scientist who first
developed recombinant
DNA technology, a
method for insertion of
genetic material from one
organism into another.
Historical
Development
of
Biotechnolgoy
1750 B.C.

• Origins of “biotechnology” emerge in


methods of food production and plant
and animal breeding
– Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food
preservation)
– Use of natural enzymes in yogurt
– Use of yeast to produce bread
– Use of fermentation for producing wine and
beer
1869

• DNA is discovered in trout sperm by


German Miescher
1919

• The word “biotechnology” is first used


by a Hungarian agricultural engineer.
1940’s-1950’s

• Widespread work is undertaken to


investigate the structure and function of
DNA
1980

• The U.S. Supreme


Court approves
the patenting of
genetically altered
organisms.
1980’s-1990’s

• A variety of GMO’s and biotechnology


techniques are introduced in fields from
agriculture to medicine
– Recombinant DNA technology-extracts DNA
from one organism for use in another,
allowing more rapid and specific
improvements in plants and animals
– Plant Tissue Culture-gains widespread
acceptance as a method to quickly and
cheaply produce genetically identical plants
1990’s

• First transgenic organisms (GMO’s) are


introduced in widespread agricultural
production, particularly in the area of
crops.
– Bt corn and soybeans are introduced
offering “natural” insect resistance by the
introduction of a gene from the bacterium
Baccillus thuringensis
1997

• Dolly is the first animal cloned from


diploid cells is produced in Scotland
Late 1990’s-Early 2000’s

• Human cloning
is outlawed in
the U.S. and the
first concerns
over the use of
human stem
cells in research
begin to arise.
Application of
Biotechnology in Medicine
• In medicine,
modern biotechnology provides
significant applications in such areas as
pharmacogenomics, genetic testing
(prenatal diagnosis), and gene therapy.
Pharmacogenomics, the combination of
pharmacology and genomics, is the study of
the relationship between pharmaceuticals
and genetics
What are the benefits of using
biotechnology in the medical field?

• Biotechnology offers better product-


targeting for specific diseases and
patient groups, through the use
of innovative technologies, in
particular, genetics. Examples include,
amongst others, treatments for rare
diseases and cancers.
How is biotechnology related to
medicine?
• Biotechnology is commonly used to
improve medicines due to the advantages
and pieces of knowledge it provides such
as understanding the genetic composition
of the human species, foundational
structure of hereditary diseases
manipulation and repairing of damaged
genes to cure diseases.
Health/Agri-medicine

• Pharming-the creation of plants and


animals capable of producing medical
substances
• The use of biological barriers to prevent
the spread of harmful microorganisms
that could contaminate food sources
Health/Agri-medicine

• DNA analysis/paternity testing has


emerged as a technique to test the
genetic ancestry of animals
• Medical biotechnology is application
of biotechnology in medicine and
health which uses living cells and
cell materials to research and
produce pharmaceutical and
diagnostic products which has great
importance in diagnosing and
treating diseases.
• There are many applications of
biotechnology in medicine.
These are biopharmaceuticals,
gene therapy,
pharmacogenomics, gene
testing, stem cells, and tissue
engineering.
• Biopharmaceutical, in using the technique
in biotechnology, the productions of drugs
was urbanized. In making or
manufacturing these drugs,
microorganisms were used. A good
example is the use of E. coli to produce
insulin . They were able to enhance the
human blood clotting factor and human
growth hormones through recombinant
DNA technology. Another examples are
Monoclonal Antibodies and gene pill.

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