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Intro To Dyes

1. Water for dyeing textiles should be soft to prevent insoluble salts from forming. Hard water can lead to poor dye uptake and uneven dyeing. 2. Using hard water can result in poor levelness, shade variation, and reduced fastness due to insoluble salts precipitating on the fiber. 3. Water hardness is determined by measuring the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions. Common softening methods include lime-soda process, ion exchange, and membrane processes like reverse osmosis.

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100 views

Intro To Dyes

1. Water for dyeing textiles should be soft to prevent insoluble salts from forming. Hard water can lead to poor dye uptake and uneven dyeing. 2. Using hard water can result in poor levelness, shade variation, and reduced fastness due to insoluble salts precipitating on the fiber. 3. Water hardness is determined by measuring the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions. Common softening methods include lime-soda process, ion exchange, and membrane processes like reverse osmosis.

Uploaded by

rehanabbaci
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Dyes

Lecture 1 Textile Dyes & Dyeing


Dr. Rehan Abbasi
Contents
• Classification of Colorants
– Classification of Pigments
– Classification of Dyes
• History of Dyeing
Classification
• Colorant is any substance that Colorants
imparts color , such as a pigment,
dye, or ink. Dyes Pigments
• Pigments: A pigment is a colored material that is completely or nearly
insoluble in water. Pigments usually have no or very little affinity towards
textile fibers and need binders.
• Dyes: Dyes are usually soluble at least at some point in their application.
They have very strong affinity towards textile fibers and mostly bound
chemically with them.
Classification of Pigments
Classification of Pigments
• Pigments of prehistoric and historic value
include Pigments
– Ochre (yellow clay & sand)
– Charcoal (black char of coal) Inorganic Organic
– lapis lazuli (blue stone)
• Inorganic Pigments: Inorganic pigments are not based on carbon chains
and rings. Instead, they consist of dry ground minerals, usually metals and
metallic salts. Because of their composition, inorganic pigments are
usually more opaque and more insoluble than organic pigments. TiO2,
Fe2O3
Classification of Pigments
• Organic Pigments: Organic pigments are based on carbon chains and
rings. While some contain inorganic elements as stabilizers, organic
pigments are defined primarily by this factor. These strong carbon chains
also make them highly stable.
• Carbon-based pigments are derived from animals, vegetables or
synthetic organic chemistry.
• While traditional pigments were typically created using flora and fauna,
most modern pigments are created through synthetic organic chemistry.
• Synthetic organic pigments are most derived from aromatic
hydrocarbons including coal tars and other petrochemicals.
Classification of Dyes
Classification of Dyes
• There are several ways for classification of dyes.
• Each class of dye has a unique chemistry, structure and particular
way of bonding. While some dyes can react chemically with the
substrates forming strong bonds in the process, others can be held
by physical forces. Some of the prominent ways of classification are:
• Classification based on the source of materials
• classification of the Dyes- Based on the nature of their respective
chromophores.
• Classification by methods of application.
Classification of Dyes

1. Classification based on the


Dyes
source of materials
• A very common classification of Natural Synthetic
the dyestuff is based on the
source from which it is made. Animal Plant
source source
Accordingly, the classification
could be: Mineral
source
– Natural Dyes
– Synthetic Dyes Armenian cochineal
Classification of Dyes

• Natural Dyes: These involve natural coloring agents


like seaweeds, tree resins, berries, flowers etc. These
are extracted from nature and are mixed with other
fixants/ mordants for better prints.
Natural Dyes
Natural Dyes
• Some of the plants which produce colors are;
• Orange: carrots, gold lichen, onion skins

• Pink: berries, cherries, red and pink roses, avocado


skins
• Blue: woad, red cabbage, elderberries, red mulberries
Natural Dyes

Red-purple: red sumac berries, basil leaves, day lilies


Green: sorrel roots, spinach, peppermint leaves
Yellow: bay leaves,
marigolds, sunflower petals
Synthetic Dyes
Synthetic Dyes
• Almost all the colors that you see today are Synthetic
dyes. Synthetic dyes are used everywhere in
everything from clothes to paper, from food to wood.
This is because they are cheaper to produce, brighter,
more color-fast, and easy to apply to fabric.
Classification of Dyes
2. Classification based on the Chromophore present
• Dyes may be classified according to the type of
chromophores present in their structures.

1. Nitro and Nitroso Dyes 1. Benzodifuranone Dyes


2. Azo Dyes 2. Phthalocyanines
3. Triarylmethane Dyes 3. Polycyclic Aromatic carbonyl
4. Anthraquinone Dyes dyes
5. Indigo dyes 4. Polymethine Dyes
Classification of Dyes
3. Classification based on the Method of Application
• Dyes may be classified based on technique employed
for their application.
1. Direct Dyes 1. Basic Dyes
2. Vat Dyes 2. Azoic Dyes
3. Sulphur Dyes 3. Disperse Dyes
4. Reactive Dyes 4. Mordant Dyes
5. Acid Dyes
History of Dyes & Dyeing
History of Dyeing
• Some evidence show that textile dyeing dates back as early as the
Neolithic Period or New Stone Age, which took place around 10,200
BCE.
• Some data states that dyeing was done more than 4,000 years ago
because of the evidence of dyed fabrics found in Egyptian tombs.
• Meanwhile, the use of black, white, yellow, and reddish pigments
made from ochre in cave painting were traced back as early as
15,000 BCE. During 7,200 to 2,000 BCE, the period when fixed
settlements and textiles were being developed, dyes were also used.
History of Dyeing
• The development of synthetic dyes:
• In 1856, William H Perkin reacted aniline with acidic
potassium dichromate solution to prepare the anti-
malarial drug quinine.
• It was water-soluble compound that dyed both wool
and silk directly when immersed in its solution. No
mordant was required. Perkin established a factory
for the large-scale production of aniline and for the
manufacture of this dye, later called Mauveine.
Class Assignment #1
Q1. What should be the quality of water for the
dyehouse?
Q2. What could be the consequences of using hard
water in textile wet processing?
Q3. How water hardness is determined? and what are
the most common water softening procedures?

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