Sigmund Freud

Presented by – Dr. Priyash Jain (JR2)

Content
→ Biography.
→ Curious Case of Anna O
→ Theories
→ Interpretation of Dreams
→ Topographical Theory of Mind
→ Instinct Or Drive Theory
→ Psycho-sexual Theory of Development
→ Structural Theory of Mind
→ Psychoanalytic theory of neurosis
→ Psychoanalytic Technique
Biography
“The first human who hurled an insult instead of a stone was the founder of civilization.” – Sigmund Freud
Biography
→ Born in Freiburg, Moravia (now in
Germany) on May 6, 1856
→ His mother, Amalia Nathanson, was 19
years old when she married Jacob
Freud, aged 39.
→ Sigmund was the first child of his
twice-widowed father's third marriage.
→ When he was 4, the family moved to
Vienna, and lived until 1 yr before his
death.
Biography
→ Freud first considered studying law but
then enrolled in medical school.
→ Freud spent 3 years as a resident physician
after which received a grant to pursue his
neurological studies abroad where he spent
4 months studying under the neurologist
Jean Martin Charcot.
→ He was also influ­enced by Ambroise-
Auguste Liebeault and Hippolyte-Marie
Bernheim, both of whom taught him
hypnosis while he was in France.
Biography
→ After his education in France, he returned
to Vienna and began clinical work with
hysterical patients along with Joseph
Breuer.
→ Between 1887 and 1897, his work with
these patients led him to develop psycho­
analysis.
→ In 1923 Freud developed a cancerous
growth in his mouth that led to his death 16
years and 33 operations later
Curious Case of Anna O
Curious Case of Anna O
→ Bertha Pappenheim, referred to as Anna O in the case history, came to
Josef Breuer for treatment for what was then known as hysteria.
→ She was an intelligent and strong-minded young woman of approximately
21 years of age who had developed a number of hysterical symptoms in
connection with the illness and death of her father.
→ These symptoms included paralysis of the limbs, contractures, anesthesia,
visual and speech disturbances, anorexia, and a distressing nervous cough.
Curious Case of Anna O
→Her illness was also characterized by two distinct phases of consciousness: One
relatively normal, but the other reflected a second and more pathological personality.
→During her altered states of consciousness, Anna was able to recall the vivid fantasies
and intense emotions she had experienced while caring for her father.
→It was with considerable amazement, both to Anna and Breuer, that when she was able
to recall, with the associated expression of affect, the scenes or circumstances under
which her symptoms had arisen, the symptoms would disappear.
→She viv­idly described this process as the "talking cure" and as "chimney sweeping.”
Curious Case of Anna O
→ In the course of the somewhat lengthy treatment, Breuer had become
increasingly preoccupied with his fascinating and unusual patient and,
consequently, spent more and more time with her.
→ As soon as Breuer began to realize this, the sexual connotations of it frightened
him, and he abruptly terminated the treatment. She, soon, underwent symptoms
of a false pregnancy. When in analysis with Freud, she accused Breuer of
impregnating her, which however was merely imagined.
→ According to a version that comes from Freud through Ernest Jones, the patient
was far from cured and later had to be hospital­ized after Breuer's departure.
The Interpretation of
Dreams
The Interpretation of Dreams
→ He described dream experience as a conscious expression of unconscious
fantasies or wishes not readily acceptable to conscious waking experience.
→ Dream images represented unconscious wishes or thoughts, disguised
through a process of symbolization and other distorting mechanisms. This
reworking of unconscious contents constituted the dream work.
→ Freud postulated the existence of a "censor," pictured as guarding the
border between the uncon­scious part of the mind and the preconscious
level.
The Interpretation of Dreams
→ The censor functioned to exclude unconscious wishes during conscious states but, during
regressive relaxation of sleep, allowed certain unconscious contents to pass the border,
only after transforma­tion of these unconscious wishes into disguised forms experienced in
the manifest dream contents by the sleeping subject.
→ These unconscious thoughts and wishes include
→ nocturnal sen­sory stimuli (sensory impressions such as pain, hunger, thirst, urinary
urgency),
→ the day residue (thoughts and ideas that are connected with the activities and
preoccupations of the dream­er's current waking life), and
→ repressed unacceptable impulses.
The Interpretation of Dreams

unconscious
Dreamwork
wishes or Dreams
thoughts
Censor
The Interpretation of Dreams
→ Processes Involved in dreamwork include:
→ Condensation
→ Displacement
→ Symbolic Representation
→ Secondary Revision
The Interpretation of Dreams
→ Condensation
→ mechanism by which several unconscious wishes, impulses, or attitudes can be
combined into a single image in the manifest dream content.
→ The converse of condensation can also occur in the dream work, namely, an
irradiation or diffusion of a single latent wish or impulse that is distributed through
multiple rep­resentations in the manifest dream content.
→ Example. In a child's night­mare, an attacking monster may come to represent not
only the dreamer's father but may also represent some aspects of the mother and
even some of the child's own primitive hostile impulses as well.
The Interpretation of Dreams
→ Displacement
→ transfer of amounts of energy (cathexis) from an original object to a sub­stitute or symbolic
representation of the object.
→ Because the substitute object is relatively neutral-that is, less invested with affective energy-it is
more acceptable to the dream censor and can pass the borders of repression more easily.
→ Despite the transfer of cathectic energy, the aim of the unconscious impulse remains unchanged.
→ For example, in a dream, the mother may be represented visually by an unknown female figure
(at least one who has less emotional significance for the dreamer), but the naked content of the
dream nonetheless continues to derive from the dreamer's unconscious instinctual impulses
toward the mother.
The Interpretation of Dreams
→ Symbolic Representation
→ Dreamer would often represent highly charged ideas or objects by using
innocent images that were in some way connected with the idea or object
being represented.
→ In this manner, an abstract concept or a complex set of feel­ings toward a
person could be symbolized by a simple, concrete, or sensory image.
→ Freud noted that symbols have unconscious meanings that can be discerned
through the patient's associa­tions to the symbol, but he also believed that
certain symbols have universal meanings.
The Interpretation of Dreams
→ Secondary Revision
→ The mechanisms of condensation, displacement, and symbolic representation are
characteristic of a type of thinking that Freud referred to as primary process.
→ This primitive mode of cogni­tive activity is characterized by illogical, bizarre, and absurd
images that seem incoherent.
→ Freud believed that a more mature and reasonable aspect of the ego works during dreams to
orga­nize primitive aspects of dreams into a more coherent form.
→ Secondary revision is Freud's name for this process, in which dreams become somewhat
more rational. The process is related to mature activity characteristic of waking life, which
Freud termed secondary process.
Topographical Model of the
Mind
Topographical Model of the Mind
→ divided the mind into three regions:
→ the conscious system,
→ the preconscious system, and
→ the unconscious system.
Topographical Model of the Mind
→ the conscious system
→ part of the mind in which perceptions coming from the outside world or
from within the body or mind are brought into awareness.
→ subjective phenomenon whose content can be communicated only by
means of language or behavior.
Topographical Model of the Mind
→ the preconscious system
→ composed of those mental events, processes, and contents that can be brought into
conscious awareness by the act of focusing attention.
→ preconscious interfaces with both unconscious and con­scious regions of the mind. To reach
conscious awareness, con­tents of the unconscious must become linked with words and thus
become preconscious.
→ The preconscious system also serves to maintain the repressive barrier and to censor
unacceptable wishes and desires.
Topographical Model of the Mind
→ the unconscious system.
→ mental contents and processes are kept from conscious awareness through the force of
censorship or repression, and it is closely related to instinctual drives.
→ The content of the unconscious is limited to wishes seek­ing fulfillment.
→ Characterized by primary process thinking, which is principally aimed at facilitating wish fulfill­
ment and instinctual discharge.
→ It is governed by the pleasure principle and, therefore, disregards logical connections; it has no
concept of time, represents wishes as fulfillments, permits con­tradictions to exist simultaneously,
and denies the existence of negatives.
Topographical Model of the Mind
→ The Limitations
→ many patients' defense mechanisms that guard against distressing wishes, feelings,
or thoughts were themselves not initially accessible to conscious­ness. These cannot
be identical with preconscious, because by definition this region of the mind is
accessible to con­sciousness.
→ Freud's patients frequently demonstrated an unconscious need for punishment. This
clinical observation made it unlikely that the moral agency making the demand
for punishment could be allied with anti-instinctual forces that were available to
conscious awareness in the preconscious.
Instinct or Drive Theory
Instinct Or Drive Theory
→ basic urge that produces a state of psychic tension that motivates the person into action
to alleviate the tension; term “drive” currently preferred over Freud’s term “instinct.”
→ In Freud's view, an instinct has four principal characteristics: source, impetus, aim, and
object.
→ The source refers to the part of the body from which the instinct arises.
→ The impetus is the amount of force or intensity associated with the instinct.
→ the object is the target (often a person) for this action.
→ The aim refers to any action directed toward tension discharge or satisfaction, and
Instinct Or Drive Theory
Source Impetus Object Aim

• A bodily • Bodily • Seeking to • If object

deficit deficit reduce that successfull
(drop in grows anxiety y satisfies
RBS) resulting in (Food) bodily
anxiety deficit,
(Hunger) satisfaction
occurs for
the time
being
Instinct Or Drive Theory
→ Instincts
→ Libido
→ Aggression
→ Life and Death Instincts (Freud’s dual instinct theory)
Instinct Or Drive Theory
→ Libido
→ libido to refer to "the force by which the sexual instinct is represented in the mind."
→ Thus, in its accepted sense, libido refers specifically to the mental manifestations of the
sexual instinct.
→ undergoes a complex process of development, at each phase of which the libido has specific
aims and objects that diverged in varying degrees from the simple aim of genital union.
→ The libido theory thus came to include all of these manifestations and the complicated paths
they followed in the course of psychosexual development.
Instinct Or Drive Theory
→ Aggression
→ originally conceptualized aggression as a component of the sexual
instincts.
→ Later, he was com­pelled to conceive of aggression as a separate instinct.
→ The source of this instinct, according to Freud, was largely in skeletal
muscles, and the aim of the aggressive instincts was destruction.
Instinct Or Drive Theory
→ Life and Death Instinct (Eros and Thanatos)

Dual Instinct
Theory

Eros Thanatos
Eg. Procreation, Eg. Aggression towards
Nurturance, affiliation others and towards self
Freud’s Stages of
Psychosexual development
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual development

Stage Zone Duration Objective Fixation

Oral mouth, lips, tongue, approximately first 18 establish a trusting excessive optimism,
and other organs months dependence on narcissism, pessimism
related to oral zone nursing and sustaining (as in depressive
objects without states), Envy and
conflicts jealousy. Smoking.
Anal Anal region roughly from 1 to 3 Objectives of Orderliness,
(neuromuscular years of age sphincter control Messiness
control over without overcontrol (typically seen in
sphincters) (fecal retention) or obsessive-
loss of control compulsive)
(messing) are matched
by
attempts to achieve
autonomy
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual development

Stage Part Duration Objective Fixation

Phallic penis becomes the sometime during year To focus erotic Deviancy
(characterised organ of principal 3 and continues until interest in genital area
castration in males interest to children of approximately the end and genital functions.
and penis envy in both sexes of year 5. lays the foundation
females.) (lack of penis in for gender identity
females being
considered as
evidence of
castration)
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual development

Stage Part Duration Objective Fixation

Latent from about 5 to considerably greater degrees of control
6 years until of instinctual impulses and motives.
about 11 to 13 Sexual interests are generally thought to
years be quies­cent.
This is a period of primarily
homosexual affiliations for both boys
and girls, as well as a sublimation of
libidinal and aggressive energies into
energetic learning and play activities,
exploring the environment, and
becoming more
proficient in dealing with the world of
things and persons around them
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual development

Stage Part Duration Objective Fixation

Genital systems of genital from approximately ultimate separation Mentally healthy
(sexual) ages 11 to 13 until from dependence on
young adult­hood and attachment to
parents
achievement of a
mature sense of
personal identity
(second individuation)
Structural Theory of Mind
“An ego and a superego walk into a bar. The bartender says, ‘I’m going to need to see some id.’”
Structural Theory of Mind
→ The structural model of the psychic apparatus is the cornerstone of ego psychology. The
three provinces are-
→ id,
→ ego, and
→ superego
Structural Theory of Mind
→ Id - refer to a reservoir of unorganized instinctual drives.
→ Operating under the domination of the primary process,
→ lacks the capacity to delay or modify the instinc­tual drives with which an infant is
born.
→ should not be viewed as synonymous with the unconscious, because both the ego
and the superego have unconscious components.
→ Works with pleasure principle
Structural Theory of Mind
→ Ego - ego spans all three topographical dimensions of conscious, preconscious, and
unconscious.
→ Logical and abstract
→ thinking and verbal expression are associated with conscious and preconscious
functions of the ego.
→ Defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious domain of the ego.
→ it simultaneously substitutes the reality principle for the pleasure principle
Structural Theory of Mind
→ Superego - establishes and maintains an indi­vidual's moral conscience on the basis of a
complex system of ideals and values internalized from parents.
→ Children inter­nalize parental values and standards at about the age of 5 or 6 years.
→ The superego then serves as an agency that provides ongoing scrutiny of a person's
behavior, thoughts, and feelings; it makes comparisons with expected standards of
behavior and offers approval or disapproval.
→ These activities occur largely unconsciously.
Structural Theory of Mind
→ Ego Ideal - regarded as a component of the super­ego.
→ It is an agency that prescribes what a person should do according to internalized
standards and values.
→ The superego, by contrast, is an agency of moral conscience that dictates what a
person should not do.
→ Throughout the latency period and thereafter, persons continue to build on early
identifi­cations through their contact with admired figures who contrib­ute to the
formation of moral standards, aspirations, and ideals.
Structural Theory of Mind
Structural Theory of Mind
→ Functions of the Ego
→ Control and Regulation of Instinctual Drives.
→ Judgment.
→ Relation to Reality.
→ Object Relationships.
→ Synthetic Function of the Ego.
→ Primary Autonomous Ego Functions.
→ Secondary Autonomous Ego Functions.
Structural Theory of Mind
→ Control and Regulation of Instinctual Drives –
→ This capacity is also an essential aspect of the ego's role as mediator between the id and the
outside world.
→ Judgement - involves the ability to anticipate the consequences of actions.
→ Relation to Reality - Relations with the outside world can be divided into three aspects:
→ the sense of reality - The sense of reality develops in concert with an infant's dawning awareness
of bodily sensations. The ability to distinguish what is outside the body from what is inside is an
essential aspect of the sense of reality
→ reality testing - refers to the capacity to distinguish internal fantasy from external real­ity.
→ adaptation to reality - involves persons' ability to use their resources to develop effective
responses to changing circumstances on the basis of previous experience with reality.
Structural Theory of Mind
→ Object Relationships.
→ The capacity to form mutually sat­isfying relationships is related in part to
patterns of internaliza­tion stemming from early interactions with parents and
other significant figures.
→ This ability is also a fundamental function of the ego, in that satisfying
relatedness depends on the ability to integrate positive and negative aspects of
others and self and to maintain an internal sense of others even in their absence.
Structural Theory of Mind
→ Synthetic Function of the Ego
→ ego's capacity to integrate diverse elements into an overall unity.
→ Different aspects of self and others, for example, are synthe­sized into a consistent
representation that endures over time.
→ The function also involves organizing, coordinating, and gener­alizing or
simplifying large amounts of data.
Structural Theory of Mind
→ Primary Autonomous Ego Functions.
→ rudimentary apparatuses present at birth
→ These functions include perception, learning, intelligence, intuition, language, thinking,
comprehension, and motility.
→ Secondary Autonomous Ego Functions.
→ Once the primary autonomous function becomes involved with conflict, so-called secondary
autonomous ego functions arise in the defense against drives.
→ For example, a child may develop caretaking functions as a reaction formation against
murderous wishes during the first few years of life. Later, the defensive func­tions may be
neutralized or deinstinctualized when the child grows up to be a social worker and cares for
homeless persons.
Classic psychoanalytic theory of
neuroses
Classic psychoanalytic theory of neuroses
→ Regards conflict as essential.
→ The conflict can arise between instinctual drives and the superego or the id and the ego.
→ Moreover, because the con­flict has not been worked through to a realistic solution, the drives or
wishes that seek discharge have been expelled from consciousness through repression or another
defense mecha­nism.
→ Their expulsion from conscious awareness, however, does not make the drives any less powerful or
influential. As a result, the unconscious tendencies (e.g., the disguised neu­rotic symptoms) fight their
way back into consciousness.
→ This theory of the development of neurosis assumes that a rudimen­tary neurosis based on the same
type of conflict existed in early childhood.
Classic psychoanalytic theory of neuroses
→ Deprivation during the first few months of life because of absent or impaired caretaking figures
can adversely affect ego development. This impairment, in tum, can result in failure to make
appropriate identifications. The resulting ego difficul­ties create problems in mediating between
the drives and the environment.
→ Lack of capacity for constructive expression of drives, especially aggression, can lead some
children to tum their aggression on themselves and become overtly self­destructive.
→ Parents who are inconsistent, excessively harsh, or overly indulgent can influence children to
develop disordered superego functioning.
→ Severe conflict that cannot be managed through symptom formation can lead to extreme
restrictions in ego functioning and fundamentally impair the capacity to learn and develop new
skills.
Psychoanalytic technique
Psychoanalytic technique
→ The cornerstone of psychoanalytic technique is free association, in which patients say whatever
comes to mind.
→ all the original wishes, drives, and defenses associated with the infantile neurosis are transferred
to the person of the analyst.
→ Resistance: Freud introduced term resistance in 1892. It refers to any opposition to exposing the
unconscious and the forces within the patient opposed to the recollection of repressed
memories. Now the concept has been broadened and it defines as all those forces within the
patient which oppose the procedure and process of analysis.
Psychoanalytic technique
→ Transference: Unrealistic roles and identity ascribed by the patient towards the therapist during
the process of regression and all the experience is derived from earlier experiences.
(Menninger)
→ The analysis of transference is core of psychoanalytic therapy and it refers to the strong
personal feeling towards the analyst which simply could not be understood in terms of actual
event of therapy or the analyst’s character or present behavior. Admiration, respect and love
(negative transference) or their opposite i.e. hate, contempt or anger (negative transference)
would appear in excessive amounts.
Psychoanalytic technique
→ In classical psychoanalysis, a full-fledged transference neurosis was felt necessary to complete
cure, but in more recent time even psychoanalysts believe in less intense transference reactions.
→ Counter transference: It is the therapist transference towards the patient.
→ In current practice both transference and counter transference recognized as beneficial and
detrimental effects on the course of therapy depending on the situation. However now its
counter transference instead of transference unlike classic psychoanalysis which is recognized
as a rich source of information and vehicle of understanding.
References
→ Sadock B, Sadock V, Ruiz P. Kaplan & Saddocks comprehensive textbook of psychiatry,
volume 1 and 2. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009.
→ Morgan C, King R. Introduction to psychology. New York [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill [u.a.]; 1971.
Thank You