Classification of frames

Plane frame and space frame: In a plane frame, all the

members lie in a single plane and the forces act along the plane
of the frame. For example: Bridge trusses and roof trusses
A frame in which all the members do not lie in the same plane
is called a space frame. For example Tripod and suspension
towers are the space frames.
Statically determinate and statically indeterminate frames:
The force analysis of the members of a statically determinate
frame can be made by applying the equations statics only.
Equations of static equilibrium are not sufficient to determine
the forces in statically indeterminate frames; there is need of
considering their deformation also
1: Perfect frames: The structure is said to be
perfect if the number of members is just
sufficient to prevent its distortion of shape when
subjected to external loads.

For a perfect frame, the following correlation

exists between the number of joints (j) and the
number of members (n)
n=2j-3
 Analysis of Trusses by the Method of Joints
• Dismember the truss and create a
freebody diagram for each
member and pin.
• The two forces exerted on each
member are equal, have the same
line of action, and opposite sense.
• Forces exerted by a member on the
pins or joints at its ends are
directed along the member and
equal and opposite.
• Conditions of equilibrium on the
pins provide 2n equations for 2n
unknowns. For a simple truss, 2n
= m + 3. May solve for m member
forces and 3 reaction forces at the
• Conditions for equilibrium for the
supports.
entire truss provide 3 additional
equations which are not
6-5
independent of the pin equations.
 Joints Under Special Loading
Conditions
• Forces in opposite members
intersecting in two straight lines
• at
Thea joint areinequal.
forces two opposite
members are equal when a
load is aligned with a third
member. The third member
• force is equal
The forces to the
in two load
members
(including
connected at zero load).
a joint are equal
if the members are aligned and
• zero otherwise.
Recognition of joints under
special loading conditions
simplifies a truss analysis.

6-6
 Space Trusses
• An elementary space truss consists
of 6 members connected at 4 joints
to form a tetrahedron.
• A simple space truss is formed and
can be extended when 3 new
members and 1 joint are added at the
same time.
• In a simple space truss, m = 3n - 6
where m is the number of members
and n is the number of joints.
• Conditions of equilibrium for the
joints provide 3n equations. For a
simple truss, 3n = m + 6 and the
equations can be solved for m
member forces and 6 support
• Equilibrium
reactions. for the entire truss
provides 6 additional equations
which are not independent of the
6-7 joint equations.
 Sample Problem 6.1
SOLUTION:
• Based on a free-body diagram
of the entire truss, solve the 3
equilibrium equations for the
reactions at E and C.
• Joint A is subjected to only
two unknown member forces.
Determine these from the joint
equilibrium requirements.
• In succession, determine
unknown member forces at
joints D, B, and E from joint
Using the method of joints,
equilibrium requirements.
determine the force in each • All member forces and
member of the truss. support reactions are known at
joint C. However, the joint
equilibrium requirements may
be applied to check the
6-8
results.
 Sample Problem 6.1
SOLUTION:
• Based on a free-body diagram of the
entire truss, solve the 3 equilibrium
equations for the reactions at E and
C. M  0
 C

 10 kN 12 m    5 kN  6 m   E  3 m 
E  50kN 

 Fx  0  C x Cx  0

F y  0  10kN - 5 kN  50 kN  C y
C y  35 kN 

6-9
 Sample Problem 6.1

• Joint A is subjected to only two

unknown member forces.
Determine these from the joint
equilibrium requirements.
10 kN FAB FAD FAB  7.5 kN T
 
4 3 5 FAD  12.5 kN C

• There are now only two

unknown member forces at joint
F D.  F
DB DA F  12.5 kN T
DB

FDE  
2 53 FDA FDE  15 kN C
6 - 10
 Sample Problem 6.1
• There are now only two unknown
member forces at joint B.
Assume
 F  0  both
y 12kN   4 F
5kN are
4 in tension.
5 5 BE

FBE  18.75 kN FBE  18.75 kN C

F  0  F
x BC  7.5kN  53 12.5kN   35 18.75
FBC  26.25 kN FBC  26.25 kN T

• There is one unknown member

force at joint E. Assume the
member3 is in tension.
 
F 0 
x 5 FEC  15kN  5 18.75kN
3

FEC  43.75 kN FEC  43.75 kN C

6 - 11
 Sample Problem 6.1
• All member forces and support
reactions are known at joint C.
However, the joint equilibrium
requirements may be applied to
 Fx the
check .25  53  43.75  0  checks 
 26results.
F y  35  45  43.75  0  checks 

6 - 12
Analysis of Trusses by the Method
of Sections
• When the force in only one member or the
forces in a very few members are desired, the
method of sections works well.

• To determine the force in member BD, pass a

section through the truss as shown and create
a free body diagram for the left side.

• With only three members cut by the section,

the equations for static equilibrium may be
applied to determine the unknown member
forces, including FBD.

6 - 13
Trusses Made of Several Simple
Trusses• Compound trusses are statically
determinant, rigid, and completely
constrained.
m  2n  3

• Truss contains a redundant member

and is statically indeterminate.
m  2n  3
• Additional reaction forces may be
necessary for a rigid truss.

• Necessary but insufficient condition

non-rigid rigid for a compound truss to be
statically determinant, rigid, and
m  2n  3 m  2n  4
completely constrained,
m  r  2n
6 - 14
 Sample Problem 6.3
SOLUTION:
• Take the entire truss as a free body.
Apply the conditions for static equilib-
rium to solve for the reactions at A and L.
• Pass a section through members FH,
GH, and GI and take the right-hand
section as a free body.
• Apply the conditions for static
equilibrium to determine the desired
member forces.
Determine the force in members FH,
GH, and GI.

6 - 15
 Sample Problem 6.3
SOLUTION:
• Take the entire truss as a free body.
Apply the conditions for static equilib-
rium to solve for the reactions at A and L.

 M A  0   5 m  6 kN   10 m  6 kN  15 m  6 kN

  20 m 1 kN    25 m 1 kN    25 m  L
L  7.5 kN 
 Fy  0  20 kN  L  A
A  12.5 kN 

6 - 16
Sample Problem 6.3
• Pass a section through members FH, GH, and GI
and take the right-hand section as a free body.

• Apply the conditions for static equilibrium to

determine the desired member forces.
MH  0
 7.50 kN10 m   1 kN  5 m   FGI  5.33 m   0
FGI  13.13 kN
FGI  13.13 kN T

6 - 17
Sample Problem
FG 8 m
6.3
tan     0.5333   28.07
GL 15 m
 MG 0
 7.5 kN15 m   1 kN 10 m   1 kN 5 m 
  FFH cos  8 m   0
FFH  13.82 kN
FFH  13.82 kN C

GI 5m
tan   2  0.9375   43.15
HI
3
 8 m
ML  0
1 kN10 m   1 kN  5 m    FGH cos  10 m   0
FGH  1.371 kN
FGH  1.371 kN C
6 - 18