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Sesi 9-Design

The document discusses the process of product design, specifically determining characteristics and generating alternatives. It describes how to determine engineering characteristics that satisfy customer attributes through quality function deployment matrices. It also outlines morphological charts to comprehensively list potential sub-solutions and generate alternative designs by combining sub-solutions. The document provides an example morphological chart for a forklift truck and discusses evaluating alternatives using a weighted objectives method of ranking objectives, assigning weights, and scoring designs.

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40 views22 pages

Sesi 9-Design

The document discusses the process of product design, specifically determining characteristics and generating alternatives. It describes how to determine engineering characteristics that satisfy customer attributes through quality function deployment matrices. It also outlines morphological charts to comprehensively list potential sub-solutions and generate alternative designs by combining sub-solutions. The document provides an example morphological chart for a forklift truck and discusses evaluating alternatives using a weighted objectives method of ranking objectives, assigning weights, and scoring designs.

Uploaded by

Viki Saprianto
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SISTEM PENGEMBANGAN PRODUK

Sesi-9: Proses Perancangan (2)


DESIGN PROCESS
Overall problem Overall solution

Clarifying Improving
Objectives Design
Step 4
Establishing Evaluating
Functions Alternatives

Setting Determining Generating


Requirements Characteristics Alternatives

Sub-problems Sub-solutions
Step 4: DETERMINING CHARACTERISTICS
1. In determining a product specification,
conflict and misunderstanding can
sometimes arise between the marketing
and the engineering function.
The marketing tends to concentrate more
on specifying the desirable attributes
(customer requirements), whereas the
engineering concentrates more on a
product’s engineering characteristics
(physical properties).
2. The relationship between characteristics
and attributes is in fact a very close one.
Designers make decisions about the
product’s physical properties, and thus
determine its engineering characteristics;
but those characteristics then determine
the product’s attributes, which in turn
satisfy the customer’s needs.
3. This attitude towards product design is based on
the philosophy of ‘listening to the voice of
the customer’, and is reflected in an increased
concentration on product quality.
Method: The Quality Function Deployment
1. Identify customer requirements in terms of
product attributes.
It is important that ‘the voice of the customer’ is
recognized, and that customer requirements are
not subject to reinterpretation by the design
team. For this reason, words and phrases actually
used by customers are often retained in
statements of product attributes, even though
they may seem to be vague and imprecise.
2. Determine the relative importance of the
attributes.
Techniques of rank-ordering or points-allocation
can be used to help determine the relative
weights that should be attached to the various
attributes. Percentage weights are normally used.
3. Evaluate the attributes of competing
products.
Performance scores for competing products and
the product under study should be listed against
the set of customer requirements.
4. Draw a matrix of product attributes against
engineering characteristics.
Include all the engineering characteristics that
influence any of the product attributes and ensure
that they are expressed in measurable units.
5. Identify the relationships between
engineering characteristics and product
attributes.
The strength of the relationship can be indicated
by either symbols or numbers.
6. Identify any relevant interactions between
engineering characteristics.
The roof matrix of the house of quality provides
this check, but may be dependent upon changes
in the design concept.
7. Set target figures to be achieved for the
engineering characteristics.
Use information from competitor products or
from trials with customers,
Figure: ‘House of quality’ (partial) for the car door
Step 5: GENERATING ALTERNATIVES
1. The generation of solutions is the essential,
central aspect of designing. The whole purpose
of design is to make a proposal for something
new− something which does not yet exist.
2. Making variations on establish themes is
therefore an important feature of design activity.
It is also the way in which much creative thinking
actually develops. In particular, creativity can
often be seen as the reordering or recombination
of existing elements.
Method: The Morphological Chart

1. List the features or functions that are


essential to the product.
The purpose of this list is to try to establish
those essential aspects that must be
incorporated in product., or that it must be
capable of doing. The list must comprehensively
cover the functions, at an appropriate level of
generalization.
2. For each feature or function list the means
by which it might be achieved.
These secondary lists are the individual sub-
solutions which, when combined, one from each
list, form the overall design solution.
3. Draw up a chart containing all the possible
sub-solutions.
When it is finished, the morphological chart
contains the complete range of theoretically-
possible different solution forms for the product.
4. Identify feasible combinations of sub-
solutions.
If ―as is more likely― the total number of
possible combinations is very large, then some
means has to be found of reducing this to
something more manageable. One way of doing
this is to choose only a restricted set of sub-
solutions from each row.
Example: Forklift truck
The conventional forklift is used for lifting and
carrying loads in factories, warehouses, etc. If we
Investigate a few of these machines we might
identify the essential generic features as follows:
1. Means of support which allows movement
2. Means of moving the vehicle
3. Means of steering the vehicle
4. Means of stopping the vehicle
5. Means of lifting loads
6. Location for operator
Figure: One selected combination of sub-solutions from the morphological chart
Step 6: EVALUATING ALTERNATIVES

1. When a range of alternative designs has been


created, then the designer has to select the best
one. Choosing between the alternatives is
therefore a common feature of design activity.
2. There should be some information available
which should guide a choice between
alternatives. If design objectives have been
established then these can be used in the
evaluation of alternative designs.
Method: The Weighted Objectives

1. List the design objectives.


In order to make any kind of evaluation it is
necessary to have a set of criteria, and these
must be based on the design objectives.
These objectives must include technical and
economic factors, user requirements, safety
requirements, and so on.
2. Rank order the list of objectives.
The list of objectives will contain a wide variety of
design requirements, some of which will be
considered to be more important than others.
The rank-ordering process can be helped by
systematically comparing pairs of objectives, one
against the other.
3. Assign relative weightings to the
objectives.
A simple way of doing this is to place the
objectives in positions of relative importance on a
scale of, say, 1 to 10 or 1 to 100.
4. Establish performance score for each of the
objectives.
It is necessary to to convert the statements of
objectives into parameters that can be measured.
The simplest scale usually has five grades,
representing performance that is
1. Far below average
2. Below average
3. Average
4. Above average
5. Far above average
5. Calculate and compare the relative values
of the alternative designs.
The final step in the evaluation is to consider
each alternative design and to calculate for each
one a score for its performance on the
established parameters.
The participation of all members of the design
team is recommended, since different solutions
may be scored differently by different people.
Example: Motorcar

Objective Weight Parameter

Low fuel 0.5 Miles per gallon


consumption
Low cost of spare 0.2 Cost of 5 typical
parts parts
Easy to maintain 0.1 Simplicity of
servicing rating
High comfort 0.2 Comfort rating

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