STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN

EXPRESSIONS
There are two types of questions in the structure and written expression
section of the TOEFL test:
1. Structure (questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of
each sentence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is
followed by four answer choices. You must choose the answer that
completes the sentence in a grammatically correct way.
2. Written Expression (questions 16-40) consist of twenty-five sentences
in which four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must
choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
Structure question:
A camel ______ 30 gallons of water in ten minutes.
(A) can drink
(B) it can drink
(C) a large drink of
(D) with a drink of

Written expression question:

Florida has become the twenty-seventh state in the United States on
A B C D
March 3, 1845.
 General Strategies of Structure and Written Expression
questions
1. Be familiar with the direction.

2. Begin with the questions 1 through 15. Anticipate that questions 1 through 5 will be the easiest and the

questions 11 through 15 will be the most difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions 11through 15. There

will be easier questions that come later.

3. Continue with questions 16 through 40. Anticipate that questions 16 through 20 will e the easiest. Anticipate that

questions 36 through 40 will be the most difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions 36 through 40.

4. If you have time, return to questions 11 through 15. You should spend extra time on questions 11 through 15

only after you spend all the time that you want on the easier questions that follow.

5. Guess to complete the section before time is up. There is no penalty for guessing, so it can only increase your

score to guess the answers to questions that you do not have time to complete.
 Procedures for the Structure Questions
1. First, study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to
complete the sentence correctly.
2. Then study each answer based on how well it completes the sentence.
Eliminate answers that do not complete the sentence correctly.
3. Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers.
The incorrect answers are generally correct by themselves. The incorrect
answers are generally incorrect only when used to complete the sentence.
NOUN
 ADJECTIVE
The function of adjective is to modify nouns.
ADVERB
PRONOUN
PREPOSITION
CONJUNCTION
 Sentence Patterns
 Subject + Verb + Direct Object (SVO) = Transitive
Ex:
The president wins the election.
 Subject + Verb (SV) = Intransitive
Ex:
She cries.
 Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object (SVOO) = Ditransitive
Ex:
The boy sent the woman a flower.
 Subject + Verb + Subject Complement (SVsC) = Intensive
Ex:
They are the strong army.
 Subject-Verb Agreement Rules
• Amati kalimat soal apakah sudah memiliki unsur subjek dan predikat atau belum.

• Bila belum ada unsur subjek, lengkapilah kalimat soal dengna fungsi subjek; bila belum ada unsur predikat,

lengkapilah kalimat soal dengan dengan fungsi predikat.

• Bila belum ada unsur baik subjek maupun predikat, carilah opsi yang memiliki unsur subjek dan unsur predikat.

• Fungsi subjek dapat terbentuk dari:

 Person/noun (nama orang atau benda)

 Pronoun (kata ganti orang/kata ganti benda)

 Gerund (kata kerja berakhiran –ing)

 Noun clause (Subject + verb yang di awali that/whether/question-word

• Fungsi predikat dapat terbentuk dari:

 To be (is, am, are, was, were, have/has/had + been, modal + be)

 Modal + verb-1/be

 Verb-1/verb-2
 EXAMPLES
The sun ______ vast amounts of gases
(A) gives off
(B) with
(C) which
(D) from

____ is taking a trip to New York.

(E) They
(F) When
(G) The woman
(H) Her

_______ the fifth largest among the nine planets that make up our solar system.
(I) The Earth is
(J) The Earth being
(K) That the Earth is
(L) Being the Earth
 EXAMPLES
The sun ______ vast amounts of gases
(A) gives off
(B) with
(C) which
(D) from

____ is taking a trip to New York.

(E) They
(F) When
(G) The woman
(H) Her

_______ the fifth largest among the nine planets that make up our solar system.
(I) The Earth is
(J) The Earth being
(K) That the Earth is
(L) Being the Earth
 Subject-Verb Agreement Rules
Untuk subject:

a) Hindari pemakaian awalan preposition (with, in, at, etc.)

b) Hindari pemakaian awal relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that, whose)

c) Hindari pemakaian awal conjunction (when, but, etc.)

Example:

_______ was backed up for miles on the freeway.

(A) Yesterday

(B) In the morning

(C) Traffic

(D) Which car

 Subject-Verb Agreement Rules

Untuk predikat:

a) Hindari pemakaian pronoun yang mengulang subjeknya.

b) Hindari pemakaian awalan preposition (with, in, at, etc.)

c) Hindari pemakaian awal relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that,

whose)

d) Hindari pemakaian awal conjunction (when, but, etc.)

e) Hindari pemakaian verb-ing, bila tidak di awali to be.

f) Hindari pemakaian verb-3, bila tidak diawali to be atau have/has/had

 EXAMPLES
The president ______ the election by a landslide.
(A) won
(B) he won
(C) yesterday
(D) Fortunately

Arizona ______ very dry climate.

(E) has
(F) being
(G) having
(H) with
 EXAMPLES
The president ______ the election by a landslide.
(A) won
(B) he won
(C) yesterday
(D) Fortunately

Arizona ______ very dry climate.

(E) has
(F) being
(G) having
(H) with
 Subject-Verb Agreement Rules
Bila unsur subjek dan predikat sudah hadir, jangan memilih kata yang bertindak sebagai unsur

subjek dan predikat lagi.

Example:
The child ____ playing in the yard is my son.
(A) now
(B) is
(C) he
(D) was

The packages _____mailed at the post office will arrive on Friday.

(E) have
(F) were
(G) them
(H) just
 Subject-Verb Agreement Rules
Bila unsur subjek dan predikat sudah hadir, jangan memilih kata yang bertindak sebagai unsur

subjek dan predikat lagi.

Example:
The child ____ playing in the yard is my son.
(A) now
(B) is
(C) he
(D) was

The packages _____mailed at the post office will arrive on Friday.

(E) have
(F) were
(G) them
(H) just
 Subject-Verb Agreement
Remember that the subject and verb in the sentence must agree in
person and number.

“Singular subject must have singular verb. Plural subject must have plural
verb”

The elevator works very well. The elevators work very well.
S V S V
 1# Subject separated from the verb
You must always check the subject and verb to be sure they agree. However,
sometimes it is difficult to decide exactly what the subject is if the subject and the
verb are separated.
Prepositional Phrase
Ex:
The boys in the room are studying
S (plural) V (plural)
Prepositional Phrase

The study of languages is very interesting

S (singular) V (Singular)
Prepositional Phrase

Several theories on the subject have been proposed

S (plural) V (plural)
 Subject + [prepositional phrase] + verb

o The view of these disciplines (varies/vary) from time to time

o The danger of forest fires (is/are) not to be taken lightly.
o The effects of the crime (are/is) likely to be devastating.
o The fear of rape and robbery (has/have) caused many people to flee the cities.

The following expressions also have no effects on the verb.

together with along with
accompanied by as well as

o The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
o Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.
Exercises: Subject-Verb Agreement
Choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses in the following sentences.
1. John, along with twenty friends, (is/are) planning a party.
2. The picture of the soldiers (bring/brings) back many memories.
3. The quality of this recordings (is/are) not very good.
4. If the duties of these officers (isn’t/aren’t) reduced, there will not be enough time to
finish the project.
5. The effects of cigarette smoking (have/has) been proven to be extremely harmful
6. The use of credit cards in place of cash (have/has) increased rapidly in recent years.
7. Advertisements on television (is/are) becoming more competitive than ever before.
8. Living expenses in this country, as well as in many others, (is/are) at an all-time high.
9. Mr. Jones, accompanied by several members of the committee, (have/has) proposed
some changes of the rules.
10. The levels of intoxication (vary/varies) from subject to subject.
 2# Either/Neither
When either and neither are followed by or and nor, the verb may be singular or
plural, depending on whether the noun following or and nor appears alone, the same
rule applies. Study the following formulas:
Examples:
 Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
plural noun Plural verb
 Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.
plural noun Plural verb
 Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.
singular singular
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
singular singular
 3# None/No
None can take either a singular or plural verb, depending on the noun which
follows it.
Examples:
• None of the counterfeit money has been found.
• None of the students have finished the exam yet.

No can take either singular or plural verb depending on the noun which follows it:
Examples:
• No example is relevant to this case.
• No examples are relevant to this case.
 4# Words That Always Take Singular Verbs And
Pronouns
any + singular Noun no + singular noun some + singular noun
Anybody nobody somebody
Anyone no one someone
Anything nothing something

every + singular noun each + singular noun

Everybody
Everyone either* (singular if they are not used with or and nor)
Everything neither*

Ex:
• Everybody who has not purchased a ticket should be in the line.
• Something was under the house
• Nobody works harder than John
• Each person takes one cup of coffee.
 5# Gerund as Subjects
If a sentence begins with [verb + ing], the verb must also be singular.
Examples:
• Knowing her has made him what he is.
• Dieting is very popular today
• Not studying has caused him many problems.
• Writing many letters makes her happy.
 6# Collective Nouns
Congress Group Minority
Organization Army Class
Government Majority* Crowd
Family Committee Public
Team Jury Club

Examples:
• The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal
• The family was elated by the news
• The Crowd was wild with excitement.
• The majority believes that we are in danger.
• The majority of students believe him to be innocent.
The following nouns are used to indicate groups of certain animals.
Flock of birds, sheep
Herd of cattle
Pack of dogs
School of fish
Pride of lions

Examples:
• The flock of birds is circling overhead
• The heard of cattle is breaking away

Collective noun indicating time, money, and measurements used as a whole are singular.
Examples:
• Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt
• Fifty-minutes isn’t enough time to finish this test
• Two miles is too much to run in one day.
 7# A Number of/ The Number of
Examples:
• A number of students are going to the class picnic. (a number of =
many)
• The number of days in a weak is seven.
• A number of the applicants have already been interviewed.
• The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is
quite small.
 8# Nouns That Are Always Plural
The following nouns are always considered plural.
Scissors Shorts Pants Jeans
Tongs Trousers eyeglasses Pliers
tweezers

Examples:
• The pants are in the drawer.
• A pair of paints in the drawer.
• The pliers were on the table
• The pair of pliers was on the table.
• This pair of scissors is dull.
 9# There is/There are
Examples:
• There is a storm approaching.
• There have been a number of telephone calls today.
• There was an accident last night.
• There were too may people at the party.
• There are some books on the table.
Exercises: Subject-Verb Agreement
Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences.
1. Neither Bill nor Mary (is/are) going to the play tonight.
2. Anything (is/are) better than going to another movie tonight.
3. Skating (is/are) becoming ore popular every day.
4. A number of reporters (was/were) at the conference yesterday.
5. Everybody who (has/have) a fever must go home immediately.
6. Your glasses (was/were) some people at the meeting last night.
7. There (was/were) some people at the meeting last night.
8. The committee (has/have) already reached a decision.
9. A pair of jeans (was/were) in the washing machine this morning.
10. Each student (has/have) answered the first three questions.
11. Either John or his wife (make/makes) breakfast each morning.
12. After she had perused the material, the secretary decided that everything (was/were) in order.
13. The crowd at the basketball game (was/were) wild with excitement.
14. A pack of wild dogs (has/have) frightened all the ducks away.
15. The jury (is/are) trying to reach decision.
16. The army (has/have) eliminated this section of the training test.
17. There (has/have) been too many interruptions in the class.
 Verb As Complements
1# Verb that are always followed by the infinitive
Verb + to-Infinitive

agree Attempt claim decide demand

desire expect fail forget hesitate
hope intend learn need offer
plan prepare pretend refuse seem
strive tend want wish

• John expects to begin studying law next semester.

• Marry learned to swim when she was very young.
• The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.
• The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next four years.
• John decided not to buy the car.
 2# Verbs that are always followed by the gerund
Verb + gerund (-ing)
admit appreciate avoid can’t help
consider delay denyenjoy
Finish mind miss postpone
Practice quit recall report
Resent resist resume risk
suggest

• John admitted stealing the jewels.

• We enjoyed seeing them again after so many years.
• You shouldn’t risk entering that building in its present condition.
• We regretted not going to the party last night.
3# Verb can be followed by either the infinitive or
the gerund with no change in meaning
Begin can’t stand continue dread
Hatelike love prefer
Regret start try

• He started to study after dinner.

Or He started studying after dinner.
• Joan hates to ride her bicycle to school.
Or Joan hates riding her bicycle to school.
4# Verbs + Prepositions followed by the gerund
approve of be better off count on depend on
give up insist on keep on put off
rely on succeed in think about think of
Worry about object to look forward to confess to

• John gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice

• Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane
• Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.
• We are not looking forward to going back to school.
• You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.
 Skill 1: Be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb
Example:
______ was backed up for miles on the freeway. A sentence in English must have at least one
subject and one verb.
(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic
(D) Cars

Engineers ______ for work on the new space program.

(E) necessary
(F) are needed
(G) hopefully
(H) next month

The boy ______ going to the movies with a friend.

(I) He is
(J) He always was
(K) Is relaxing
Skill 2: Be careful of objects of prepositions
An object of preposition is a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun clause that comes
after a preposition, such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, and so on, to form a
prepositional phrase. If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject.
After his exams ,Tom will take a trip (by boat)
The quality of machine is good
Example:
With his friend _______ found the movie theater.
(A) has
(B) he
(C) later
(D) when
Exercise 1: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following
sentences. Then indicate if the sentence are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
_____ 1. Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake.
_____ 2. A schedule of the day’s events can be obtained at the front desk.
_____ 3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.
_____ 4. The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful application
applications.
_____ 5. The box can be opened only with a special screwdriver.
_____ 6. The assigned text for history class it contains more than twenty chapters.
_____ 7. The papers in the wastebasket should be emptied into the trash can be
outside.
_____ 8. Departure before dawn on a boat in the middle of the harbor.
_____ 9. Yesterday found an interesting article on pollution.
_____ 10. The new machine is processes 50 percent more than the previous
machine.
Exercise 2: Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional phrases.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the prepositional phrases that come
before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
_____ 1. The interviews by radio broadcasters were carried live by the station.
_____ 2. In the last possible moment before takeoff took his seat in the airplane.
_____ 3. The progressive reading methods at this school are given credit for the improved text
scores.
_____ 4. At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers in quantities of a dozen or a half dozen can
be delivered for free.
_____ 5. For the last three years at various hospitals in the country has been practicing
medicine.
 Skill 3: Be careful of appositive
Appositive can cause confusion in structure because appositive can be mistaken for the
subject of a sentence. An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun or
subject and has the same meaning and is generally set off from the noun with commas. The
appositive is not the subject.
S, APP, V
Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.
APP S V
A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car.
Example:
_____, George, is attending the lecture.
(A) Right now
(B) Happily
(C) Because of the time
(D) My friend
Example 2:
_____, Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots.
(A) An excellent basketball player
(B) An excellent basketball player is
(C) Sarah is an excellent basketball player
(D) Her excellent basketball play
Exercise 3: Each of the following sentences contains an appositive. Underline the subjects once
and the verbs twice. Circle the appositive phrase. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).
_____ 1. The son of the previous owner, the new owner is undertaking some fairly broad changes
in management policy.
_____ 2. Last semester, a friend, graduated cum laude from the university.
_____ 3. Valentine’s Day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweethearts.
_____ 4. At long last, the chief executive officer, has decided to step down.
_____ 5. Tonight’s supper, leftovers from last night, did not taste any better tonight than las night.
_____ 6. The only entrance to the closet, the door was kept locked at all times.
_____ 7. In the cold winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on.
_____ 8. The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on white background, really brightens up the room.
_____ 9. The high-powered computer the most powerful machine of its type, was finally readied
for use.
_____ 10. A longtime friend and confidant, the psychologist was often invited over for Sunday
dinner.
Skill 4: Be careful of present participles
A present participle is the –ing form of the verb. The present participle can be (I) part of the verb or (2) an

adjective. It is part of the verb when t is accompanied by some form of the verb be. It is an adjective when it is

not accompanied by some form of the verb be.

1. The boy is standing in the corner

2. The boy standing in the corner was naughty.

Example:

The child _____ playing in the yard is my son.

(A) now

(B) is

(C) he

(D) was
Exercise 4: Each of following sentences contains one or more present participles.
Underline the subjects once and verbs twice. Circle the present participles and label
them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect
(I).
_____ 1. The companies offering the lowest prices will have the most customers.
_____ 2. Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to Gate three.
_____ 3. The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the
fair.
_____ 4. The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most pledges.
_____ 5. The first team winning four games is awarded the championship.
 Skill 5: Be careful of past participles
A past participle often ends in –ed, but there are also many irregular past participles.
For many verbs, including –ed verbs, the simple past and the past participle are the
same and can be easily confused. The –ed form of the verb can be (1) the simple
past, (2) the past participle of a verb, or (3) an adjective.
The family has purchased a television.
Verb
The poem was written by Paul
Verb

The poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine

Adjective
The television purchased yesterday was expensive
Adjective
Exercise 5:
_____ 1. The money was offered by the client was not accepted.
_____ 2. The car listed in the advertisement has already stalled.
_____ 3. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will
be on next week’s exam.
_____ 4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at a low
temperature for many hours.
_____ 5. The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control
of a foreign nation.
Skill 6: Use coordinate connectors correctly
When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two
clauses correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, or, so, or
yet between the clauses.
Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing
Tom is tall, but Paul is short
Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it.
Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed.
Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.
Example:
A power failure occurred, _____ the lamps went out.
(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) next
Exercise 6:
______ 1. The software should be used on a laptop computer, and this
computer is a laptop.
______ 2. The rain clouds can be seen in the distance, but no has fallen.
______ 3. They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market
for two months.
______ 4. SO the quality of the print was not good, I changed the
typewriter ribbon.
______ 5. The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may
require you to get out of the water.
Skill 7: Use adjective clause connectors/Object
An adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun. Because the
clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it
describes.
The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table.
Noun Adjective Clause
The glass which she put on the table contains milk.
Noun Adjective clause
The person whom I see is my uncle
Noun Adjective clause
The gift ______ selected for the bride rather expensive.
(A) because
(B) was
(C) since
(D) which we
 Skill 8: Use adjective clause connectors/subjects
correctly
An adjective clause connector is not just a connector, but it can also be
the subject of the clause at the same time.
The woman is filling the glass that is on the table.
Noun Adjective clause
The glass which is on the table contains milk.
Noun Adjective clause
The person who uses the eye-glasses is my uncle.
Noun Adjective clause
_________ is on the table has four sections.
(A) The notebook
(B) The notebook which
(C) Because the notebook
(D) In the notebook
Exercise:
1. It is important to fill out the form in the way that you have been instructed.
2. The car which I have been driving for five years for sale at a really good price.
3. The ice cream that is served in the restaurant has a smooth, creamy texture.
4. The cars are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for blocks.
5. I have great respect for everyone who on the Dean’s List.
6. It is going to be very difficult to work with the man which just began working here.
7. I just finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report.
8. The plane that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed.
9. The door that leads to the vault it was tightly locked.
10. The neighbors reported the man who was trying to break into the car to the police.
11. The movie which we watched on cable last night it was really frightening.
12. I made an appointment with the doctor whom you recommended.
13. The boss meets with any production workers who they have surpassed their quotas.
 Skill 9: Use reduced adjective clauses correctly
Adjective clauses can appear in a reduced form. In reduced form, the
adjective clause connector and the be-verb that directly follow it are omitted.
The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide.
The letter which was written last week arrived today.
The pitcher that is on the table is full of iced tea.
When there is no be-verb in the adjective clause, the connector is omitted
and the verb is changed into the –ing form.
I don’t understand the article which appears (appearing) in today’s paper.
Not all adjective clauses can appear in a reduced form. It can only appear if it
is followed by a verb.
The woman that I just met is the tour guide.
When adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced adjective clause
can appear at the front of the sentence.
The white house, which is located in Washington, is the home of the
president.
The white house, located in Washington, is the home of the president.
located in Washington, The white house is the home of the president.

The president, who is now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his
advisors.
The president, now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors.
Now preparing to give a speech, The president is meeting with his advisors.
________ on several different television programs, the witness gave
conflicting accounts of what has happened.
(A) He appeared
(B) Who appeared
(C) Appearing
(D) Appears
Exercise:
1. We will have to return the merchandise purchased yesterday at the
Broadway
2. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave.
3. Serving a term of four years, the mayor of the town will face
reelection next year.
4. The brand new Cadillac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was
destroyed on the accident.
5. The fans who supporting their team always come out to the games
in large numbers.
 Skill 10: Use adverb connectors correctly
Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study
the clauses and connectors in following sentences:
_______ was late, I missed the appointment.
(A) I
(B) Because
(C) The rain
(D) Since he
You will get a good grade on the exam provided______.
(A) studying
(B) study
(C) to study
(D) you study
Exercise:
1. Since the bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits need to be
tallied.
2. Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated before are admitted
to the organization.
3. The citizens are becoming more and more incensed about traffic
accidents whenever the accidents occur at that intersection.
4. The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully
planted.
5. We can start the conference now that all the participants have
arrived.
Exercise:
1. It is impossible to enter that program if you lack experience as a
teacher.
2. The commandant left strict orders about the passes, several soldiers
left the post anyway.
3. No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education
requirements.
4. While most students turned the assignment in on time, a few asked
for an extension.
5. I will take you wherever need to go to complete the registration
procedures.
Skill 11: Conditional sentence
Exercise:
1. If I got a bunch of money, I ______ (buy) a car and a house.
2. If the students had got enough sleep, she _____ (face) difficulties in reading
the material.
3. If I ____ (to be) you, I would look for my passion to find a new career.
4. If I advise her about travelling by plane, she _____ (listen) to me.
5. If Adults _____ (drunk) a single espresso, it will can slow the flow of blood to
their heart.
6. If I finish the assignment before Saturday, I _____ (submit) it to my lecturer.
7. If I had seen the concert, I ______ (tell) you about it last night.
8. She would give you the money if she _______ (have) it.
9. They would call you immediately if they ______ (need) help.
10. If I were rich, I ______ (buy) the laptop.
 Subject-Verb Rules
 Untuk fungsi predikat harus diisi apakah oleh verb-1+-s, atau verb-1 tanpa –s atau are, was, atau were, dan have
atau has, soal seperti ini mempertanyakan kesesuaian subjek dan predikat.

 Predikat have, are, were, dan verb yang tidak ditambahkan akhiran –s/-es digunakan untuk subjek jamak, dan has,
is, was, dan verb yang ditambahkan akhiran –s/-es untuk subjek tunggal.

a) Subjek dianggap tunggal manakala:

1. Diawali kata each dan every

2. Menyatakan jumlah uang, waktu, berat, jarak, dan volume

3. Nama mata pelajaran atau mata kuliah: economics, mathematics, physics, statistics, civics, linguistics, dsb.

4. Nama penyakit: measles, mumps, herpes, dsb.

5. Menyatakan kata benda abstrak: news, ethics, politics, etc.

6. Terbentuk pola gerund (Ving)

 Subject-Verb Rules
b) Subjek dianggap jamak manakala:

- Diawali kata-kata several, many, both, few

c) Bila unsur subjek mengandung kata-kata together with, accompanied by, in addition to, as well as, along
with, yang menjadi subjek adalah kata yang hadir sebelum kata-kata tersebut.

d) Bila pada unsur subjek terdapat kata or atau nor, yang menjadi subjek adalah kata setelah or/nor.

e) Suatu kalimat mulai dengan kata there atau here, yang menjadi subjek adalah kata yang hadir setelah
fungsi predikat.

f) Subjek yang terbentuk dari prepositional phrase (frasa yang memiliki preposisi/kata depan, seperti of, in,
by, dan lain sebagainya penentuannya apakah tunggal atau jamak bergantung pada kata yang hadir
sebelum preposisi.

g) Subjek yang diawali a number of harus dianggap jamak; sementara the number of harus dianggap tunggal.
 Simple-Compound-Complex Sentence and Conjunction

1. Simple sentence (kalimat sederhana), bila satu kalimat hanya terdiri dari satu unsur
S dan satu unsur P.

2. Compound sentence (kalimat majemuk), manakala suatu kalimat terdiri atas dua
kelompok S-P atau lebih yang dihubungkan oleh konjungsi yang setara seperti and,
but, or, etc.

3. Complex sentence (kalimat komplek), manakala suatu kalimat terdiri atas dua
kelompok S-P, dimana salah satu unsur S-P akan bertindak sebagai induk kalimat
(main clause) dan yang lainnya bertindak sebagai anak kalimat (sub-clause) yang
dihubungkan oleh konjungsi seperti because, if, although, etc.
Tips:
 Bila kalimat soal memiliki dua unsur S-P, hubungkanlah dengan
kongjungsi (kata hubung). Ada beberapa konjungsi yang diikuti oleh
pola kalimat dan ada yang diikuti oleh pola frasa.
Konjungsi yang diikui oleh pola kalimat:
Therefore Even thoughHowever When
HenceAlthough But While
Consequently Though Nevertheless as
So (walaupun) Yet(ketika,saat)
Thus Still
(oleh karena itu, (namun, tetapi)
Makanya)
Moreover Because Otherwise
In addition As Unless
Furthermore Since Or
Besides For If not
(selain itu, terlebih-lebih) (karena, sebab) (jika tidak)

Konjungsi berikut diikuti pola frasa:

Despite Due to
In spite of Owing to
(walaupun) Because of
(karena, sebab)
Example:
_____ James Buchanan was a bachelor, his niece served as hostess of
the White House during his presidency.
(A) It was
(B) During
(C) Because of
(D) Since
 Bila kalimat soal memiliki unsur P, carilah opsi yang memiliki unsur S yang diawali konjungsi.
Example:
____ was late, I missed the appointment.
(A) I
(B) Because
(C) The train
(D) Since he

 Bila terdapat konjungsi, kalimat soal harus memiliki unsur S-P.

Example:
The prisoners were prevented from speaking to reporters because _____.
(A) not wanting the story in the papers.
(B) the story in the papers the superintendent.
(C) the public to hear the story
(D) the superintendent did not want the story in the papers
 Bila dalam kalimat soal hanya terdapat satu unsur S-P, dan
keseluruhan pilihan jawaban menyodorkan kata kerja; maka, kata
kerja tersebut harus diungkapkan dalam verb-ing (untuk pengertian
aktif: yang me-) atau verb-3 (untuk pengertian pasif yang di-/ter-)
Example:
Modern industrial methods have supplanted individual crafts, _____
stone carvers, coopers, and cobblers virtually extinct.
(A) make blacksmiths
(B) made blacksmiths
(C) making blacksmiths
(D) makes blacksmiths
 Bila yang hilang dari kalimat adalah unsur subject atau objek, dan
semua opsi memiliki unsur S-P, carilah pilihan dalam bentuk noun
clause (Subject + Verb yang diawali that/whether/question-word).
Example:
Recently, there have been several outbreaks of disease like
legionnaire’s syndrome, and doctors don’t know_____.
(A) what is the cause
(B) the cause is what
(C) is what the cause
(D) what the cause is
a) Bila muncul kata either carilah pasangannya yakni kata or; begitu
juga sebaliknya.
b) Bila muncul kata neither carilah pasangannya yakni kata nor; begitu
juga sebaliknya.
c) Bila muncul kata not only carilah pasangannya yakni kata but also;
begitu juga sebaliknya.
d) Bila muncul kata both carilah pasangannya yakni kata and; begitu
juga sebaliknya.
e) Bila muncul kata so atau such carilah pasangannya yakni kata that;
begitu juga sebaliknya.
f) Bila muncul kata not until carilah pasangannya yakni kata that;
begitu juga sebaliknya.
Example:
Fainting can result from either a lack of oxygen___ a loss of blood.
(A) or
(B) also
(C) nor
(D) and