Public Speaking

Presenter; Ganesh.K
Moderator; Deepika C Khakha,
Lecturer, CON, AIIMS
Introduction
 Speaking is an important method for
communicating knowledge and expressing
ideas.
 Being able to verbally communicate
effectively to other individuals or to groups is
essential in school, business, as well as your
personal life.
 Effective public speaking is INFLUENCE &
INFLUENCE IS LEADERSHIP!!
Definition

 Public speaking is the process of speaking to

a group of people in a structured, deliberate
manner intended to inform, influence, or
entertain the listeners.
History of Public Speaking

 Aristotle: Father of rhetoric

 The practice of public speaking to attain a goal by
using persuasive tactics

 It was not until the 5th century BCE roots of

rhetoric were planted for it to become an art
form by teachers, called Sophists (wisdom
bearer).
According to Aristotle
 Evidence in persuasive messages is most effective in
the source’s

 Ethos: Credibility

 Pathos: Emotional appeal

 Logos: logical appeal

Purposes of public speaking

 The purpose of public speaking can range

from simply transmitting information, to
motivating people to act, to simply telling a 
story.
 Good orators should be able to change the
emotions of their listeners, not just inform
them.
Purposes of public speaking
 Public speaking can be a powerful tool to use
for purposes such as motivation, influence,
persuasion, informing, translation, or simply
entertaining.
Importance of Public Speaking

 Promotes Critical thinking

 The ability to make an informed judgment based on
available evidence

 Advances Career Goals

 Enables Civic Discourse

 Provides Sense of Empowerment

 The feeling of the ability to attain goals
Careers in Speech Communication

 Public Relations Specialist

 Sales Representative
 Human Resources Specialist
 Radio and Television Broadcaster
 Radio and Television announcer
 Editor
 Speech Teacher
 Advisor
 Recruiter
Types of Speeches

 Informative speech: speech to educate an

audience about a topic.
 Persuasive speech: speech that attempts to
sway the attitudes, beliefs or values of an
audience.
 Entertaining speech: speech making fun of
people, institutions, or events to solicit
humorous feedback.
Types of Communication

 Two (2) Basic Types of Communication

 Verbal communication: the practice of all varieties of

speech and writing.

 Nonverbal communication: facial expressions, body

movements, gestures, and appearance that take place
during the transmission and reception of messages.
▪ Most communication, or as much as 65% of communication
is nonverbal.
Communication

 In public speaking, as in any form of

communication, there are five basic
elements, often expressed as "who is
saying what to whom using
what medium with what effects?"
Various Forms of Communication

 Intrapersonal communication: Communication

with or within oneself
 Interpersonal communication: communication
with two or more people
 Small group communication: communication
with a small number of persons
 Public Communication: delivery of a speech to
an audience
 Mass Communication: communication via media
The Communication Process
 Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication
recognizes seven elements that shape our
communication.
7 Basic Elements of
Communication Process

1. Source (speaker): transmits ideas or information

to the receiver
 Encoding: t he development of information form the
thoughts, feelings, or ideas in the mind of the source
through the process of selection, formulation and
organization.
 Code: verbal or nonverbal symbols
2. Message: the information or ideas conveyed to
the receiver
 Decode: to be able to translate code into an understandable language
7 Basic Elements of
Communication Process Continued

3. Channel: the means by which the message is

sent to the receiver

4. Receiver (Audience): whom the message is

sent

5. Feedback: verbal and nonverbal response to

a message
7 Basic Elements of
Communication Process Continued
6. Noise: the interference or barriers during the
transmittal of a message
 External noise: physical impediments
 Internal noise: psychological or physiological distractions
 Semantic noise: the message that the receiver is unable to
understand because of differences in meanings of words, accents,
jargons, environment, ethnicity, experiences, beliefs, or values.

7. Context: Time, space, occasion, and the

environment of a speech
Public Speaking and Conversations

 Conversations: oral communication with

members of your family, friends, and
coworkers

 Many of the principles of conversation also

apply to public speaking inclusive of
similarities and differences.
Similarities Between Conversations and
Public Speaking

Some conversations are planned.

This planning of conversations involves

carefully choosing the right words.

Public speaking involves much more planning

from choosing a topic, to performing
research and practicing delivery.
Differences Between Conversations and
Public Speaking
 Although many conversations are planned, most is spur-of-the-
moment. Public speaking is different in that it is usually planned. Stick
to the topic selected, researched and practiced.

 Most conversations use informal language (slang, words, cliches and

jargon).

 Audiences expect speakers to use language that follows traditional

standards of correctness.

 Proximity: physical closeness may be absent during public speaking.

 Back and forth exchange of messages in conversation is missing form

public speaking.
Public Speaking Produces Anxiety in
Most People
 People’s Biggest Fears

3. Death
2. Snakes
1. Public Speaking
Ways Fear of Public Speaking
May Manifest
1. Physical symptoms: include dry throat, nausea,
increase in heart palpitation, sweating, changing
colors, shaking of hands and/or legs, cold hands
2. Psychological symptoms: include avoiding eye
contact with the audience, forgetting the speech,
gazing at the floor, ceiling or other objects
3. Both Physical and psychological symptoms
Strategies to Reduce Fear

 Know Your Environment

 Know Your Audience

 Know Your Speech

 Learn to Relax

 Visualize a Successful Speech

Strategies to Reduce Fear contd…

 Know that the Audience Wants you to Succeed

 Do not Apologize for Your Apprehension

 Concentrate on the message (not your fear)

 Make your Nervousness Work for You

 Gain Experience

 Evaluate Yourself
Overcoming Speech Anxiety

 Acknowledge Your Fear

 Act Confident

 Channel Nervous Energy

 Practice, Practice, Practice

 Simulate Setting at Home

 Ask Friends to Be Practice Audience

Overcoming Speech Anxiety

 Visualize Your Success

 Use Deep-breathing Techniques

 Focus on Message, not Fear

 Give Yourself a Mental Pep Talk

Understand Audience and Listening

 People Think Faster Than Hear

 Have Short Attention Span

 Jump to Conclusions

 Easily Distracted
Listening Remedies

 Keep Speech Focused

 Divide Speech into Compact Segments

 Analyze Audience Carefully

 Adapt to Situation
Understand The Speech Context

•Audience
•Setting
The Audience

 Size

 Demographics

 Beliefs and Values

 Receptive/Antagonistic
Context - The Setting

 Indoor/Outdoor

 Size and Shape of Room

 Arrangement of Seating

 Equipment Available

 Lighting

 Acoustics
Understand & Define Your Purpose

 Inform
 Inspire / Persuade
 Entertain
 Introduce
 Accept
 Pay Tribute
Understand the Speech Making
Process
 Choosing/Narrowing a Topic
 Researching Topic
 Organizing Your Speech
 Developing an Outline
 Rehearsing Speech
 Delivering Speech
Choosing an Appropriate Topic

 Is It Important to You?
 Is It Important to Your Audience?
 Will It Hold Audience’s Attention?
 Is It Manageable in the Time Available?
 Is It Appropriate for Oral Presentation?
 Is It Clear?
Develop Central Idea

Write a one sentence

summary of speech
PLANNING A SPEECH
 Preliminary Outline (Rough-Draft)
 Main points to research
 Preparation Outline

 Title & Topic

 Purpose
 Introduction
 Main and Sub-Points
 Transitions
 Conclusion
 Support/Evidence
Speaker’s Outline

 Introduction

 Main Point

 Support

 Transitions

 Conclusion
Introduction

Types
Functions
Types of Introductions

 Identification with Audience

 Reference to Situation

 Statement of Purpose

 Statement of Importance of Topic

 Surprise Audience with Claim or Statistic

Types of Introductions (con’t)

 Anecdotal Story

 Rhetorical Question

 Quotation

 Humor
Introduction
 Do something to gain the audiences attention:
 Tell a joke
 Pound the speaker’s stand
 Make a loud noise
 Ask a question
 Tell a story
 Use a quotation
 Use a personal reference
 Create suspense
 Give a compliment
Functions of Introductions

 Get Attention

 Introduce Topic

 Provide Motivation

 Establish Credibility

 Preview Speech
Conclusions

Types
Functions
Types of Conclusions

 Summary

 Quotation

 Personal Reference

 Challenge to Audience

 Offer Vision of the Future

Types of Conclusions

 Anecdotal Story

 Rhetorical Question

 Quotation

 Humor
Introduction contd….

 The introduction must grab the attention of

the audience, but it must also focus on the
goal of the speech.
Conclusion
 All’s Well that Ends Well - Shakespeare
 The conclusion offers the speaker on ed last
opportunity to remind the audience of the
speech content.
 Summarize the main points.
 Use a story.
 Be humorous.
 Appeal and
 Make an emotional impact.
Types of Conclusions

 Summary

 Quotation

 Personal Reference

 Challenge to Audience

 Offer Vision of the Future

Types of Conclusions

 Anecdotal Story

 Rhetorical Question

 Quotation

 Humor
Functions of Conclusions

 Summarize Speech

 Reemphasize Main Idea

 Motivate Response

 Provide Closure
Methods of Delivery

 Manuscript Reading

 Memorized

 Impromptu

 Extemporaneous
Delivering Speech - Beginning

 Walk Calmly with Confidence to Front

 Establish Eye Contact

 Smile Naturally

 Deliver Introduction
Delivering Speech - During

 Use Effective Eye Contact

 Use Effective Language

 Use Effective Gestures

 Be Enthusiastic

 Use Conversational Style

 Use Notes As Needed

Delivering Speech - Ending

 “Frame” the Speech

 Pause before Returning to Seat

 But Don’t Ask for Questions

 Accept Applause Graciously
Elements of Vocal Delivery

 Speech Rate and Pauses

 Volume

 Inflection and Pitch

 Quality of Voice

 Pronunciation and Articulation

Elements of Physical Delivery or Body
Language

 Appearance

 Posture

 Facial Expression

 Eye Contact

 Movement

 Gestures
To Be Effective, It Is Best to Prepare
Your Speech
 Make an outline of your case
 Choose your evidence and arguments
 Arrange them in the right order
 Give “road signs” to the audience so they
know what to expect
 Create a strong opening and closing
Prepare Yourself

 Prepare your speech or notes so you can refer

to your presentation easily
 Dress the way you want people to perceive
you
 Before speaking, try to find a private place to
stand before a mirror, look at yourself, make
sure all is ok, and say to yourself: “I can do
this.”
Prepare Yourself

 Visual Aids
 Kinds of visual aids
 Objects
 Models
 Photographs
 Drawings
 Graphs
 Charts
 Slides and Videotapes
 Computer-Generated Graphics
 Transparencies
 Multimedia
Visual Aid Preparation
 Prepare them well in advance
 K.I.S.S. – Keep It Simple Stupid
 Make sure they are large enough
 should be able to be seen by “all” viewers when presented, not just
those “up front”.
 Use easy to read fonts – there is a reason for Times-Roman
 non-serif fonts are harder to read
 Use a limited number of fonts
 Use color effectively
 highlighting
 used well proven color schemes, what colors work well together is a
tough choice for most people
Practice Your Speech

 Ask a small group of friends – or even one

friend – to let you practice and to give you
useful tips about how to improve
 Learn your speech so you can refer to it
without reading it
 Practice speaking very clearly
 Practice speaking – NOT reading
Practice (continued)

 Practice your hand gestures so they are

natural to you
 Use a timer (for example, a watch) so that
you will know how long you have spoken.
(You may be surprised!)
 Listen to your friends and try to use their
comments to improve your speech
 Decide whether you will use a podium
Making Your Speech

 Try to look in the mirror and reassure yourself

first
 Be sure that you are introduced or that you
introduce yourself
 Be sure that there is a glass of water for you
Making Your Speech

 Choose to use the podium or to speak

without a podium
 If you have not been introduced, introduce
yourself and thank the audience for coming
 Make your speech
 Be sure to make some eye contact with the
audience
Making Your Speech

 Draw on both reason and emotion

 Be reasonable and calm so that you can appeal to
the reason of those whom you wish to persuade
 Be emotional so that you can move to action
those whom you wish to move to action
 Try not to read your speech, but to speak with
the audience as you would speak with friends
Concluding Your Speech

 Conclude with words that tell the audience

that you have finished:
 You may summarize: For example, “In conclusion,
I have given you three reasons why this measure
should be adopted.”
 Thank them for their attention
Dealing With Questions or Audience
Response
 If there is time and opportunity, invite them
to a conversation
 If you receive questions, be polite and listen
and then thank the questioner for the
question, even if it is hostile
 When time for questions and responses is
finished, thank them again for their attention
Things You Shouldn’t Do
 Read directly from notes
 Read directly from screen
 Turn back on audience
 Slouch, hands in pockets
 No um, ah, you know’s
 No nervous gestures
 Talk too fast,
 Talk too quietly
Public Speaking in a
Multicultural Environment Con’t
 Ethnocentrism: A belief in the superiority of
one’s group or culture over all other groups or
cultures.
 Problems of Ethnocentrism
 Failure to take into account differences between
self and audience.
 Failure to take steps to become more sensitive to
cultural, ethnic, and racial differences of your
listeners.
Tips for Avoiding Ethnocentrism

 Be sure tone is clear an appropriate for audiences of all

backgrounds.

 Use support material appropriate to a wide variety of

listeners.

 Use Visual aids to help overcome cultural and language

barriers.

 Be especially tuned to audience feedback for difficulties in

understanding speech.
Practice takes you from this..
To this….
Role of nurse
 A poor presentation detracts from an informed and
timely message.
 Nursing administrators need to communicate
effectively via public speaking to achieve their personal
and organizational goals.
 While each one develops a unique presentation, style
commonalities of public speaking apply to each of us
and include getting organized to speak, tailoring the
message to the audience, adapting to audience
feedback, and, of key importance, delivering an
appealing presentation.