0% found this document useful (0 votes)
47 views

Computer and Network Security

This document outlines the topics to be covered in a computer and network security course. The course will discuss security needs, services, and mechanisms for data stored on computers and transmitted over networks. It will cover security threats, practical security issues, common security protocols, securing computer systems, and introductory cryptography, but will not delve into advanced cryptography, computer networks, operating systems, or hacking techniques. The document then provides examples of security prevention, detection, and reaction relating to physical assets, online shopping, and information security historically and presently. Key security terminology from standards documents is also defined.

Uploaded by

Jb Sadik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
47 views

Computer and Network Security

This document outlines the topics to be covered in a computer and network security course. The course will discuss security needs, services, and mechanisms for data stored on computers and transmitted over networks. It will cover security threats, practical security issues, common security protocols, securing computer systems, and introductory cryptography, but will not delve into advanced cryptography, computer networks, operating systems, or hacking techniques. The document then provides examples of security prevention, detection, and reaction relating to physical assets, online shopping, and information security historically and presently. Key security terminology from standards documents is also defined.

Uploaded by

Jb Sadik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 52

Computer and Network Security

2019

1
What is this course about?

This course is to discuss


– security needs
– security services
– security mechanisms and protocols
for data stored in computers and transmitted
across computer networks

2
What we will/won’t cover?
 We will cover
– security threats
– practical security issues (practice in labs)
– security protocols in use
– security protocols not in use
– securing computer systems
– introductory cryptography
 We will not cover
– advanced cryptography
– computer networks
– operating systems
– computers in general
– how to hack 

3
What security is about in
general?
 Security is about protection of assets
– D. Gollmann, Computer Security, Wiley
 Prevention
– take measures that prevent your assets from being
damaged (or stolen)
 Detection
– take measures so that you can detect when, how,
and by whom an asset has been damaged
 Reaction
– take measures so that you can recover your assets
4
Real world example
 Prevention
– locks at doors, window bars, secure the walls
around the property, hire a guard
 Detection
– missing items, burglar alarms, closed circuit TV
 Reaction
– attack on burglar (not recommended ), call the
police, replace stolen items, make an insurance
claim

5
Internet shopping example
 Prevention
– encrypt your order and card number, enforce merchants
to do some extra checks, using PIN even for Internet
transactions, don’t send card number via Internet
 Detection
– an unauthorized transaction appears on your credit card
statement
 Reaction
– complain, dispute, ask for a new card number, sue (if
you can find of course )
– Or, pay and forget (a glass of cold water) 

6
Information security in past & present
 Traditional Information Security
– keep the cabinets locked
– put them in a secure room
– human guards
– electronic surveillance systems
– in general: physical and administrative
mechanisms
 Modern World
– Data are in computers
– Computers are interconnected

Computer and Network Security


7
Terminology
 Computer Security
– 2 main focuses: Information and Computer itself
– tools and mechanisms to protect data in a computer
(actually an automated information system), even if
the computers/system are connected to a network
– tools and mechanisms to protect the information
system itself (hardware, software, firmware, *ware )
 Against?
– against hackers (intrusion)
– against viruses
– against denial of service attacks
– etc. (all types of malicious behavior)

8
Terminology
 Network and Internet Security
– measures to prevent, detect, and correct security
violations that involve the transmission of
information in a network or interconnected networks

9
A note on security terminology
 No single and consistent terminology in the
literature!
 Be careful not to confuse while reading
papers and books

 See the next slide for some terminology taken


from Stallings and Brown, Computer Security
who took from RFC4949, Internet Security
Glossary

10
Computer
Security
Terminology
RFC 4949, Internet

Security Glossary,

May 2000
Relationships among the security Concepts

12
Skill and knowledge required to
Security Trends
mount an attack

13
The global average cost of cyber
crime/attacks 2017 Cost of
Cyber Crime
Study by
Accenture*

Steeper
increasing
trend in the
recent years

* https://www.accenture.com/t20170926T072837Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-61/Accenture-2017-CostCyberCrimeStudy.pdf 14
Average cost of cyber crime for 2017 Cost of
seven countries Cyber Crime
Study by
Accenture*

- Germany
has highest
percentage
increase;
- UK, US are
around the
mean in
254 institutions percentage
responded increase

* https://www.accenture.com/t20170926T072837Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-61/Accenture-2017-CostCyberCrimeStudy.pdf 15
A Scattergram of Respondents 2017 Cost of
Cyber Crime
Study by
Accenture*

- Mean is
US$11.7 M
- High
variance
- 163
institutions
are below
mean (out of
254)

* https://www.accenture.com/t20170926T072837Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-61/Accenture-2017-CostCyberCrimeStudy.pdf 16
Breakdown by Sector 2017 Cost of
Cyber Crime
Study by
Accenture*

- Financial
Services
Sector has
the Highest
Cost due to
Cyber Crime

* https://www.accenture.com/t20170926T072837Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-61/Accenture-2017-CostCyberCrimeStudy.pdf 17
Types of cyber attacks experienced
2017 Cost of
Cyber Crime
Study by
Accenture*

- Percentage of
the respondents
experienced
- Ransomware
doubled

* https://www.accenture.com/t20170926T072837Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-61/Accenture-2017-CostCyberCrimeStudy.pdf 18
Deployment Rate of Security
Technologies 2017 Cost of
Cyber Crime
Study by
Accenture*

- Percentage of
the respondents
experienced
- Ransomware
doubled

* https://www.accenture.com/t20170926T072837Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-61/Accenture-2017-CostCyberCrimeStudy.pdf 19
Annual Return of Investment (RoI)
2017 Cost of Cyber Crime Study
by Accenture*

- More or less in
parallel with
deployment rate
- But AI, Data
Mining based novel
techniques have
higher RoI
- Bad performance
for encryption and
DLP, but they are
needed

* https://www.accenture.com/t20170926T072837Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-61/Accenture-2017-CostCyberCrimeStudy.pdf 20
Security Objectives: CIA Triad
and Beyond
Computer Security Objectives
Additional concepts:
Services, Mechanisms, Attacks
 3 aspects of information security:
– security attacks (and threats)
• actions that (may) compromise security
– security services
• services counter to attacks
– security mechanisms
• used by services
• e.g. secrecy is a service, encryption (a.k.a.
encipherment) is a mechanism

24
Attacks
 Attacks on computer systems
– break-in to destroy information
– break-in to steal information
– blocking to operate properly
– malicious software
• wide spectrum of problems

 Source of attacks
– Insiders
– Outsiders
25
Attacks
 Network Security
– Active attacks
– Passive attacks
 Passive attacks
– interception of the messages
– What can the attacker do?
• use information internally
– hard to understand
• release the content
– can be understood
• traffic analysis
– hard to avoid
– Hard to detect, try to prevent

26
Attacks
 Active attacks
– Attacker actively manipulates

the communication
– Masquerade
• pretend as someone else
• possibly to get more privileges
– Replay
• passively capture data
and send later
– Denial-of-service
• prevention the normal use of
servers, end users, or network
itself
27
Attacks
 Active attacks (cont’d)
– deny
• repudiate sending/receiving a message later
– modification
• change the content of a message

28
Security Services
 to prevent or detect attacks
 to enhance the security
 replicate functions of physical
documents
– e.g.
• have signatures, dates
• need protection from disclosure, tampering, or
destruction
• notarize
• record
29
Basic Security Services
 Authentication
– assurance that the communicating entity is the one it claims to
be
– peer entity authentication
• mutual confidence in the identities of the parties involved in a connection
– Data-origin authentication
• assurance about the source of the received data
 Access Control
– prevention of the unauthorized use of a resource
– to achieve this, each entity trying to gain access must first be
identified and authenticated, so that access rights can be
tailored to the individual

30
Basic Security Services
 Data Confidentiality
– protection of data from unauthorized disclosure
(against eavesdropping)
– traffic flow confidentiality is one step ahead
• this requires that an attacker not be able to observe the
source and destination, frequency, length, or other
characteristics of the traffic on a communications facility
 Data Integrity
– assurance that data received are exactly as sent
by an authorized sender
– i.e. no modification, insertion, deletion, or replay

31
Basic Security Services
 Non-Repudiation
– protection against denial by one of the
parties in a communication
– Origin non-repudiation
• proof that the message was sent by the
specified party
– Destination non-repudiation
• proof that the message was received by the
specified party

32
Relationships
 among integrity, data-origin
authentication and non-repudiation
Non-repudiation

Authentication

Integrity

33
Security Mechanisms
 Cryptographic Techniques
– will see next
 Software and hardware for access limitations
– Firewalls
 Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
 Traffic Padding
– against traffic analysis
 Hardware for authentication
– Smartcards, security tokens
 Security Policies / Access Control
– define who has access to which resources.
 Physical security
– Keep it in a safe place with limited and authorized physical access

34
Cryptographic Security Mechanisms

 Encryption (a.k.a. Encipherment)


– use of mathematical algorithms to
transform data into a form that is not
readily intelligible
• keys are involved

35
Cryptographic Security Mechanisms
 Message Digest
– similar to encryption, but one-way (recovery not possible)
– generally no keys are used
 Digital Signatures and Message Authentication
Codes
– Data appended to, or a cryptographic transformation of, a
data unit to prove the source and the integrity of the data
 Authentication Exchange
– ensure the identity of an entity by exchanging some
information

36
Security Mechanisms
 Notarization
– use of a trusted third party to assure certain
properties of a data exchange
 Timestamping
– inclusion of correct date and time within messages

37
And the Oscar goes to …

 On top of everything, the most


fundamental problem in security is
– SECURE KEY EXCHANGE
• mostly over an insecure channel

38
A General Model for Network
Security

39
Model for Network Security
 using this model requires us to:
– design a suitable algorithm for the security
transformation
– generate the secret information (keys) used by the
algorithm
– develop methods to distribute and share the secret
information
– specify a protocol enabling the principals to use
the transformation and secret information for a
security service

40
Model for Network Access Security

41
Model for Network Access Security

 using this model requires us to:


– select appropriate gatekeeper functions to
identify users and processes and ensure
only authorized users and processes
access designated information or
resources
– Internal control to monitor the activity and
analyze information to detect unwanted
intruders

42
More on Computer System
Security
 Based on “Security Policies”
– Set of rules that specify
• How resources are managed to satisfy the security
requirements
• Which actions are permitted, which are not
– Ultimate aim
• Prevent security violations such as unauthorized access,
data loss, service interruptions, etc.
– Scope
• Organizational or Individual
– Implementation
• Partially automated, but mostly humans are involved
– Assurance and Evaluation
• Assurance: degree of confidence to a system
• Security products and systems must be evaluated using
certain criteria in order to decide whether they assure
security or not 43
Aspects of Computer Security
 Mostly related to Operating Systems
 Similar to those discussed for Network
Security
– Confidentiality
– Integrity
– Availability
– Authenticity
– Accountability
– Dependability

44
Aspects of Computer Security
 Confidentiality
– Prevent unauthorised disclosure of information
– Synonyms: Privacy and Secrecy
• any differences? Let’s discuss
 Integrity
– two types: data integrity and system integrity
– In general, “make sure that everything is as it is supposed
to be”
– More specifically, “no unauthorized modification, deletion”
on data (data integrity)
– System performs as intended without any unauthorized
manipulations (system integrity)

45
Aspects of Computer Security
 Availability
– services should be accessible when needed and
without extra delay
 Accountability
– audit information must be selectively kept and
protected so that actions affecting security can be
traced to the responsible party
– How can we do that?
• Users have to be identified and authenticated to have
a basis for access control decisions and to find out
responsible party in case of a violation.
• The security system keeps an audit log (audit trail) of
security relevant events to detect and investigate
intrusions.
 Dependability
– Can we trust the system as a whole?
46
Attack Surfaces
 An attack surface consists of the reachable and
exploitable vulnerabilities in a system
 Examples:
– Open ports on outward facing Web and other
servers, and code listening on those ports
– Services available in a firewall
– Code that processes incoming data, email, XML,
office documents, etc.
– Interfaces and Web forms
– An employee with access to sensitive information
vulnerable to a social engineering attack
Attack Surface Categories
 Network attack surface
– Refers to vulnerabilities over an enterprise
network, wide-area network, or the Internet
• E.g. DoS, intruders exploiting network protocol
vulnerabilities
 Software attack surface
– Refers to vulnerabilities in application, utility,
or operating system code
 Human attack surface
– Refers to vulnerabilities created by personnel
or outsiders
– E.g. social engineering, insider traitors
Fundamental Dilemma of
Security
 “Security unaware users have specific
security requirements but no security
expertise.”
– from D. Gollmann
– Solution: level of security is given in predefined
classes specified in some common criteria
• Orange book (Trusted Computer System Evaluation
Criteria) is such a criteria

49
Fundamental Tradeoff
 Between security and ease-of-use
 Security may require clumsy and
inconvenient restrictions on users and
processes
“If security is an add-on that people have to do
something special to get, then most of the time they
will not get it”

Martin Hellman,
co-inventor of Public Key Cryptography
50
Good Enough Security

“Everything should be as secure as


necessary, but not securer”

Ravi Sandhu, “Good Enough Security”, IEEE Internet


Computing, January/February 2003, pp. 66- 68.

 Read the full article at


http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2003.1167341

51
Some Other Security Facts
 Not as simple as it might first appear to the novice
 Must consider all potential attacks when designing a
system
 Generally yields complex and counterintuitive systems
 Battle of intelligent strategies between attacker and admin
 Requires regular monitoring
 Not considered as a beneficial investment until a security
failure occurs
 Actually security investments must be considered as insurance
against attacks
 too often an afterthought
 Not only from investment point of view, but also from design point
of view

52

You might also like