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Structure of A Switch

The document discusses the structure of circuit switches and packet switches. For circuit switches, it describes space division switches like crossbar switches and multistage switches. It also discusses time division switches and time-slot interchange. For packet switches, the major components are the input port, output port, routing processor, and switching fabric like crossbar, banyan, and batcher-banyan switches. The routing processor uses destination addresses to determine the next hop and output port for packet transmission.

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Arijit Mukhopadhyay
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164 views

Structure of A Switch

The document discusses the structure of circuit switches and packet switches. For circuit switches, it describes space division switches like crossbar switches and multistage switches. It also discusses time division switches and time-slot interchange. For packet switches, the major components are the input port, output port, routing processor, and switching fabric like crossbar, banyan, and batcher-banyan switches. The routing processor uses destination addresses to determine the next hop and output port for packet transmission.

Uploaded by

Arijit Mukhopadhyay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 8

STRUCTURE OF A SWITCH
STRUCTURE OF A SWITCH

We use switches in circuit-switched and packet-switched


networks. Based on that we are going to discuss two
types of switch structures

1. Structure of Circuit Switches


2. Structure of Packet Switches

8.2
Structure of Circuit Switch

Circuit Switching uses two


technologies:
•Space division switch
•Time division switch

8.3
Space division switch

•In space division switching, the paths are


separated from each other spatially.
•Can be used for both analog and digital
network
•Space division switch
Implemented as
•Crossbar switch
•Multistage switch

8.4
Figure 8.1 Schematic diagram of a crossbar switch

8.5
Figure 8.2 Crossbar switch with three inputs and four outputs

8.6
Limitations
Limitations of crossbar switches are as follows:
• The number of crosspoints grows with the
square of the number of attached stations.
• Costly for a large switch.
• The failure of a crosspoint prevents connection
between the two devices whose lines intersect at
that crosspoint.
• The crosspoints are inefficiently utilized.
• Only a small fraction of crosspoints are
engaged even if all of the attached devices are
active. 8.7
Figure 8.3 Multistage switch

8.8
Note

In a three-stage switch, the


total number of crosspoints is
2kN + k(N/n)2
which is much smaller than the
number of
crosspoints in a single-stage switch (N2).

8.9
Example

Design a three-stage, 200 × 200 switch (N = 200)


with k = 4 and n = 20.

Solution
In the first stage we have N/n or 10 crossbars, each of
size 20 × 4. In the second stage, we have 4 crossbars,
each of size 10 × 10. In the third stage, we have 10
crossbars, each of size 4 × 20. The total number of
crosspoints is 2kN + k(N/n)2, or 2000 crosspoints. This
is 5 percent of the number of crosspoints in a single-
stage switch (200 × 200 = 40,000).

8.10
Limitations
•Multistage switches may lead to blocking during
periods of heavy traffic.
•Blocking refers to times when one input cannot
be connected to an output because there is no path
is available between them i.e. all the possible
intermediate switches are occupied.
• The problem may be tackled by increasing the
number or size of the intermediate switches,
which also increases the cost.

8.11
Note

According to the Clos criterion:


n = (N/2)1/2
k > 2n – 1
Crosspoints ≥ 4N [(2N)1/2 – 1]

8.12
Example
Redesign the previous three-stage, 200 × 200 switch,
using the Clos criteria with a minimum number of
crosspoints.

Solution
We let n = (200/2)1/2, or n = 10. We calculate k = 2n − 1
=
19. In the first stage, we have 200/10, or 20, crossbars,
each with 10 × 19 crosspoints. In the second stage, we
have 19 crossbars, each with 10 × 10 crosspoints. In the
third stage, we have 20 crossbars each with 19 × 10
crosspoints. The total number of crosspoints is 20(10 ×
19) + 19(10 × 10) + 20(19 ×10) = 9500.
8.13
•Time division switch
•Both voice and data can be transmitted
using digital signals through the same
switches.
•All modern circuit switches use digital
time-division multiplexing (TDM) technique in
the switch for establishing and maintaining
circuits.
• the most popular technology is time-slot
interchange (TSI)

8.14
Figure 8.4 Time-slot interchange

8.15
Figure 8.5 Time-space-time switch

8.16
Structure of Packet Switch

Packet switch has four major components:


1. Input port
2. Output port
3. Routing processor
4. Switching fabric

8.17
Packet switch components

Figure 8.6 Packet switch components

8.18
Packet switch components cont…

Figure 8.7 Input port

Input port performs the physical and data link


functions of the packet switch.

8.19
Packet switch components cont…

Figure 8.8 Output port

Output port performs same functions as Input port


but in reverse order.

8.20
Packet switch components cont…
Routing processor
Routing processor performs the function of
network layer. The destination address is used to
find the address of next hop and the out put port
to send the packet simultaneously using table look
up activity.
Switching fabric
• Switching fabric decides the processing speed
of switch based on the type.
• the different types of switching fabrics are
Crossbar switch, Banyan switch, Batcher-
Banyan switch.
8.21
Figure 8.9 A banyan switch

8.22
Figure 8.10 Examples of routing in a banyan switch

8.23
Figure 8.11 Batcher-banyan switch

8.24
Summary

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