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Water Demand

The document discusses factors that influence water demand for designing water projects. Water demand depends on population size and per capita water consumption. It is influenced by climate, population characteristics, industries/commerce, wastewater reuse, and whether the water system is metered. Population must be forecasted to determine future demand. Methods include arithmetic growth, constant percentage increases, and graphical interpolation. Water consumption consists of domestic, industrial, commercial, public, and loss/waste uses which vary in each city based on conditions.

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504 views26 pages

Water Demand

The document discusses factors that influence water demand for designing water projects. Water demand depends on population size and per capita water consumption. It is influenced by climate, population characteristics, industries/commerce, wastewater reuse, and whether the water system is metered. Population must be forecasted to determine future demand. Methods include arithmetic growth, constant percentage increases, and graphical interpolation. Water consumption consists of domestic, industrial, commercial, public, and loss/waste uses which vary in each city based on conditions.

Uploaded by

santhiamutha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WATER DEMAND

Before designing any water project, the amount of water that is required
must be determined. To obtain such information we have to know the
following
1. number of people that will be served
2. Water consumption (per capita)
3. Factors affecting consumption
Definition
• The total amount of water used by the water
system’s customers is referred to as the demand
placed on that system.
• Water Demand is the measure of the total amount
of water used by the customers within the water
system. There are several things that can influence
the amount of water demanded of your system.
Forecasting Population
Before a water project is constructed, a decision on the design period of the
project has to be taken. This may depend on the amount of fund available for
that certain project.
Since most of cities are growing in population, the design period depends
mainly upon the rate of population growth. The real problem
here is how to forecast, as accurately as possible, the population 10, 20 or 30
years in the future.

Present population can be obtained through


• Bureau of census
• City directories
• Planning commissions
• Use the ratio of population to the number of children in schools from
previous enumeration.
• The most difficult part is the estimation of population in the future. There
are two types of population estimates
• short term (1-10 years)
• long term (10-50 years)

Different mathematical and graphical approaches are used in order to project


population, but there are no exact solutions since many factors are included

city trade territory


industrial expansion
rate of development in the surroundings
location with regard to airport, railroads or ports.
sudden events such as discovery of an oil field, development of new
industries will upset all estimates.
• The most widely employed mathematical or graphical methods for
forecasting population are
• Arithmetical method by adding to the existing population the same
number of people for each future period (of limited value and can be used
for old and very large cities).
• Constant percentage growth rate (must be used with caution because it
may produce too large results, especially if the city is young. The method
can be applied to old cities not undergoing great expansion).
• Logistic method (This method depends upon the fact that population will
grow until they reach a saturation population which is established be
limit of economic opportunity).
• The ratio method which based on upon the belief that populations of
cities will have a relationship to the population in the whole country.
• Graphical interpolation-extension (this method may be considered the
most generally applicable one).
Knowledge of the population of a region permits estimates to be made of the
total quantities of water needed.
To design water distribution networks, additional information regarding the
spatial distribution of the population to be served must also be obtained.
Population densities may be estimated from data collected on existing areas.
If local data are not available

WATER CONSUMPTION

• Available water to a city can be classified based on its ultimate use. Water
is used for
• Domestic: Which includes water supplied to houses, hotels, etc Such
water is used for sanitary, washing, bathing, drinking and other purposes
such as air conditioning of residences, irrigation and sparkling of privately
owned gardens and lawns. The practice of irrigation will have a
considerable effect upon total consumption. Domestic consumption may
be expected to be about 30 per cent of the total.
WATER CONSUMPTION

Industrial.

Which includes water supplied to industrial. The importance of industrial


consumption depends on
• Size of the industry
• Whether or not the industry uses the public water works.
• The industrial use could range between 15 to 60 per cent of the total, averaging at 32
percent.

Commercial

Which includes water supplied to commercial areas. The quantity of water required for
commercial use is expected to mount at about 20 per cent of the total. In some cases, water
consumption for industrial and commercial
purposes was related to the floor area of the building served. 300 gallon per day per 1000 sq.
feet was used.
• Public Use.
Which includes water served to public buildings such as city halls, jails and
schools as well as public service such as sprinkling and flushing streets and
fire protection. Such services may consume water at
about 10 to 15 gallons per capita. Extinguishing very large fires will cause the
rate of use to be high for short periods.

• Loss and Waste.


This the water which is uncounted for although some of the loss and waste
may be approximated in the sense of cause and quantity. Unaccounted-for-
waste is due to meter and pump leakage, unauthorized water connection
and leaks in the mains. Unaccounted-for water, and also water wasted by
consumers, can be reduced by careful maintenance of the water distribution
system and metering of the water services. In metered and moderately well
maintained water system, water loss may mount to about 15 per cent of the
total.
Total water consumption is the sum of the afore-mentioned uses and the loss
and waste.
The water consumption are not fixed but may vary from one city to another.
Each city has to be studied carefully especially the industrial and commercial
uses as well as the actual or probable loss and waste.

Forecasting Population

• Before a water project is constructed, a decision on the design period of


the project has to be taken. This may depend on the amount of fund
available for that certain project.

• Since most cities are growing in population, the design period depends
mainly upon the rate of population growth. The real problem here is how
to forecast, as accurately as
possible, the population 10, 20 or 30 years in
the future.
FACTORS AFFECTING WATER CONSUMPTION

• The determination of water demand of an area requires knowledge and experience of


the social, economic and regional development. Review of
water consumption records showed a wide range of values. This is due to the following
factors

1. Climate conditions
Warm dry regions have higher consumption rates than cooler regions. In
addition, water usage is affected by the precipitation levels in the region.
Where summer is hot and dry, much water will be used for watering
lawns. Domestic use will increase by more bathing, while public use will
be affected by much street sprinkling and use in parks and recreation
fields for watering grass and supplying fountains. Higher temperature will
also lead to high water use for air conditioning.
2. Size of the city
In small cities, it was found that the per capita per day water
consumption was small due to the fact that there are only limited uses of
water in those cities.
Small cities have larger area that is inadequately served by both water
and sewer systems than larger cities. In the un sewered home, water
consumption will rarely exceed 10 g/c/d, while in sewered home, it will
equal or exceed 45 g/c/d on the average.

3. Characteristics of the population.


• Domestic use of water was found to vary widely.
• This is largely dependent upon the economic status of the consumers,
which will differ greatly in various sections of a city. In high-value
residential areas of a city the water consumption per capita will be high.
• In low-value areas where sewerage is not available or where a sigle faucet
serves one or more homes, water consumption will be very low (15 g/c/d),
while it is about 60 g/c/d in apartment houses located in high-value
residential areas.

3. Industries and commerce.


• Presence of industrial activities has a great effect on water consumption.
Since industrial use has no direct relation to the population, great care
must be taken when estimating present or future water consumption of a
city.
• Information should be collected on existing industries, their actual
water consumption and the probability of establishing new industries in
the future.
• Commercial consumption is that of the retail and wholesale trade houses
and office buildings. Figures on commercial consumption are few and
widely divergent, and if the consumption is desired for any district, a
special investigation should be made.
4. Wastewater reuse.
• Wastewater reuse offers attractive alternatives to developing new
supplies.
• Municipal reuse
• Industrial reuse
• Irrigation reuse
• Recreational reuse
• Environmental protection.
• Thermal water discharge
• The use of scrubbers to remove sulfur dioxide
5. Metering.
Communities that are metered usually show a lower and
more stable water use pattern.
Metering of services consists of placing a recording meter in
the line leading from the water main to the building served.

Consumers are then billed for the water they use.


Charging flat rates has no relation to the actual amount of
water used or wasted. It is almost impossible to construct a
good system of water
charges unless they are based upon actual water
consumption.
• It depends on following factors:
o Climate
o Geographic location
o Size, population and economic condition of

community
o Extension of Industrialization
o Metered Water supply, cost of water,
supply system
Demand Type Definition Remarks
Annual average day demand Average daily  
demand over a period of
one year
Maximum day demand Amount of water required Useful for peak capacity of
during the day production and treatment
S facilities

Peak hour demand Amount of water required Useful for analyzing peak
during the maximum capacity requirement of
consumption hour in a distribution system
given day

Annual maximum daily Maximum daily demand This estimate is important


demand over a period of one year to meet the worst-case
water demand.
Total demand depends on the following
requirements:
• Residential demand
• Commercial demand
• Industrial demand
• Fire-fighting demand
• Public use
• Water lose or unaccounted for

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