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Atomic Structure

Ernest Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of the atom, with a small, positively charged nucleus at the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons in fixed orbits. James Chadwick later discovered the neutron in atomic nuclei. The key similarities between the models are the central positively charged nucleus and electrons orbiting outside. The main differences are that Chadwick included neutral neutrons in nuclei and proposed electrons existing as probability clouds rather than fixed orbits. Rutherford's gold foil experiment led to the discovery of the nucleus, while Chadwick discovered neutrons through experiments bombarding beryllium.

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44 views21 pages

Atomic Structure

Ernest Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of the atom, with a small, positively charged nucleus at the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons in fixed orbits. James Chadwick later discovered the neutron in atomic nuclei. The key similarities between the models are the central positively charged nucleus and electrons orbiting outside. The main differences are that Chadwick included neutral neutrons in nuclei and proposed electrons existing as probability clouds rather than fixed orbits. Rutherford's gold foil experiment led to the discovery of the nucleus, while Chadwick discovered neutrons through experiments bombarding beryllium.

Uploaded by

LuckyKaloo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Atomic

Structure
Group 9
Vanisha Agrawal
Luc Mazereeuw
Low Kai Da
Overview of
Models
(Rutherford, Chadwick)
Ernest Rutherford
● Called the Nuclear Model
● Central positively charged nucleus
○ Consisted of hydrogen nuclei
○ Called the positively charged particles Protons
● Negatively charged electrons orbiting around nucleus
○ Electrons in fixed orbit
○ Each electron in separate orbit
James Chadwick
● Central positively charged nucleus
○ Positively charged protons
○ Neutral neutrons
● Negatively charged electrons around nucleus
○ Electrons in shells & subshells
○ Electrons exist in a ‘cloud’ of their probable location
○ Exact position unknown
Similarities &
Differences
Similarities
● Central part of atom
Nucleus ● Positively charged

● Part of nucleus
Protons ● Positively charged

● Located outside nucleus


Electrons ● Negatively charged
Differences
Rutherford Chadwick

Neutrons Not included Found in nucleus

● Fixed orbits
● Probability ‘clouds’
Electrons (position known)
● Shared shells & subshells
● Separate orbits
Examples of
Period 2 Elements
(Neon - 20)
Rutherford
● Central nucleus
○ Red balls - protons
○ 10 Protons packed closely together
● Electrons orbiting around nucleus
○ Each of the 10 electrons in separate orbits
○ Blue balls - electrons
○ Metal wire - orbits
Chadwick
● Central nucleus
○ Red balls - protons
○ Grey balls - neutrons
○ 10 Protons and 10 neutrons packed closely together
● Electron probability ‘clouds’ around nucleus
○ Balloon-shaped paper - probability ‘clouds’
○ Electrons are not visible as we do not know their exact position
Important
Discoveries
Rutherford
● Gold foil experiment
○ Struck gold foil with alpha particles
○ Most passed through, some bounced back
○ Concluded that there must be positive charge in atom
Rutherford
● Struck different elements with alpha particles
○ Discovered he could change one element into another
○ Hydrogen nuclei (protons) were emitted
○ Hydrogen nuclei is fundamental part of atomic structure
Chadwick
● Scientists bombarded Beryllium with alpha particles
○ Energetic stream of radiation produced by beryllium
○ Originally assumed by many to be gamma radiation
○ Did not cause photoelectric effect -> not gamma
○ Chadwick proposed radiation was neutrons
Values We Can
Learn
Rutherford
● Curiosity
○ Performed the gold foil experiment
○ Discovered positively charged nucleus
● Conscientious
○ Struck numerous elements with alpha particles
○ Ensured thorough research
Chadwick
● Skepticism
○ Did not blindly follow what others believed
○ Did not believe gamma radiation was produced
○ Energy required to interact with proton in the hydrocarbon was too high
○ Had to interact with a neutral particle
Thank You!
Q & A!
Sources
● http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=AtomicNuclear_
ChadwickNeutron.xml
● http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=AtomicNuclear_
AtomicModelsSpectra.xml
● http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=408
● https://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae46.cfm
● http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/neutron.html
Sources
● https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atom
s/history-of-atomic-structure/a/discovery-of-the-electron-and-nucleus
● http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/gold.html
● http://chemteacher.chemeddl.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=
article&id=74
● https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200705/physicshistory.cfm

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