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Gas Power Cycles: Cengel & Boles

This document provides an overview of gas power cycles, including the key assumptions and analysis methods. It discusses the Otto, Diesel, Brayton, and other common gas cycles. For each cycle, it outlines the basic components and processes, as well as how to calculate thermal efficiency using both constant and variable specific heat approaches within the air-standard assumptions. Key terms related to internal combustion engines are also defined.

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kishoremar
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162 views18 pages

Gas Power Cycles: Cengel & Boles

This document provides an overview of gas power cycles, including the key assumptions and analysis methods. It discusses the Otto, Diesel, Brayton, and other common gas cycles. For each cycle, it outlines the basic components and processes, as well as how to calculate thermal efficiency using both constant and variable specific heat approaches within the air-standard assumptions. Key terms related to internal combustion engines are also defined.

Uploaded by

kishoremar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Gas Power Cycles

Cengel & Boles,


Chapter 8

ME 152 1
Analysis of Power
Cycles - Basics
• Power cycle = Heat engine
• Recall thermal efficiency:
Wnet W net wnet
th  


Qin Qin qin

• Carnot heat engine:


TL
th  1 
TH

• The Carnot cycle has the maximum


possible efficiency, but is not a
realistic model for a power cycle
since it is so impractical
ME 152 2
Analysis of Power
Cycles - Basics, cont.
• More practical models are called ideal
cycles - they are internally reversible
but typically have external
irreversibilities
• Ideal cycle assumptions include:
– absence of friction
– quasi-equilibrium processes
– pipes and connections between various
components are well-insulated, i.e., heat
transfer is negligible
– negligible KE and PE effects (except in
diffusers and nozzles)
– negligible pressure drop in HXers

ME 152 3
Gas Power Cycles
• Working fluid remains in gaseous
phase throughout cycle
• Common gas cycles
– Otto*: spark-ignition ICE engine, closed
system
– Diesel*: compression-ignition ICE engine,
closed system
– Dual: Otto/Diesel combo, closed system
– Stirling: ext. combustion, closed system
– Ericsson: ext. combustion, control volume
– Brayton*: gas turbine engine or power
plant, control volume

* covered in this course

ME 152 4
Internal Combustion
Engine (ICE) terms
• Bottom-dead center (BDC) – piston
position where volume is maximum
• Top-dead center (TDC) – piston position
where volume is minimum
• Clearance volume – minimum cylinder
volume (VTDC = V2)
• Compression ratio (r)
Vmax V V v
r  BDC  1  1
Vmin VTDC V2 v2

• Displacement volume
Vdisp  VBDC  VTDC  V1  V2
• Mean Effective Pressure (MEP)
• W
MEP  net
Vdisp

ME 152 5
ICE terms, cont.
• Spark-ignition (SI) engine - reciprocating
engine where air-fuel combustion is
initiated by a spark plug
• Compression-ignition (CI) engine -
reciprocating engine where air-fuel
combustion is initiated by compression
• Four-stroke engine - piston executes
intake, compression, expansion, and
exhaust in four strokes while crankshaft
completes two revolutions
• Two-stroke engine - piston executes
intake, compression, expansion, and
exhaust in two strokes while crankshaft
completes one revolution

ME 152 6
Analysis of Gas Power
Cycles
• Air-standard assumptions:
– working fluid is a fixed mass of air
which is modeled as a closed system
and behaves as an ideal gas
– all processes are internally reversible
unless stated otherwise
– combustion process is replaced by a
heat addition process from an external
source
– exhaust process is replaced by a heat
rejection process that restores air to its
initial state

ME 152 7
Analysis of Gas Power
Cycles, cont.
• Constant specific heat approach (aka
cold-air standard) - for approximate
analysis only
u2  u1  cv (T2  T1 )
h2  h1  c p (T2  T1 )
where cv , cp are evaluated at 25°C, 1 atm

• Variable specific heat approach - for


more accurate analysis
T2
u2  u1  
T1
cv dT
T2
h2  h1  
T1
c p dT

where u and h obtained from Table A-17


ME 152 8
Analysis of Gas Power
Cycles, cont.
• Isentropic compression/expansion
– if compression ratio (v1/v2) is known, e.g.,
in Otto or Diesel cycles, use

vr1 v1

v r 2 v2
(find u2 or h2 from vr2 in Table A-17)
– if pressure ratio (P2/P1) is known, e.g., in
a Brayton cycle, use

Pr 2 P2

Pr1 P1
(find u2 or h2 from Pr2 in Table A-17)

ME 152 9
Otto Cycle Analysis
• Thermal efficiency

Wnet Q  Qout Q q
th   in  1  out  1  out
Qin Qin Qin qin

• Heat addition (process 2-3, v = const)


Qin  m(u3  u 2 )
or qin  u3  u 2

• Heat rejection (process 4-1, v = const)


Qout  m(u 4  u1 )
or qout  u 4  u1

ME 152 10
Diesel Cycle Analysis
• Thermal efficiency
Wnet Qin  Qout Qout qout
th    1  1
Qin Qin Qin qin

• Heat addition (process 2-3, P = const)


Qin  W23  m(u3  u 2 )
Qin  m(h3  h2 )
or qin  h3  h2

• Heat rejection (process 4-1, v = const)


Qout  m(u 4  u1 ) or qout  u 4  u1

ME 152 11
Cold-Air Standard
Thermal Efficiency
• Otto Cycle

1
th  1  k 1
, where k  c p / cv
r

• Diesel Cycle

1  rck  1 
th  1  k 1   ,
r  k ( rc  1) 
v3
where rc  (cutoff ratio)
v2

ME 152 12
The Brayton Cycle
• Ideal cycle for gas turbine engines
and power plants
• The air-standard Brayton cycle has a
closed-loop configuration, even
though most applications are open-
loop
• Basic components:
– Compressor (increases pressure of gas)
– Heat exchanger or combustor (const P
heat addition)
– Turbine (produces power)
– Heat exchanger (const P heat rejection)

ME 152 13
Air-Standard Brayton
Cycle Analysis
• Compressor
W comp  m ( h2  h1 ) or wcomp  h2  h1
• Combustor (heat addition)
Q in  m (h3  h2 ) or qin  h3  h2

• Turbine
W turb  m (h3  h4 ) or wturb  h3  h4

• Heat Exchanger (heat rejection)


Q out  m (h4  h1 ) or qout  h4  h1

ME 152 14
Air-Standard Brayton
Cycle Analysis, cont.
• Thermal Efficiency
W net W t  W c h3  h4  h2  h1
th     
Qin Qin h3  h2
• Back Work Ratio

W comp h2  h1
rbw  

Wturb h3  h4
– as discussed in Ch. 6, a gas compressor
requires much greater work input per unit
mass than a pump for a given pressure
rise; thus the rbw for a gas power cycle
(40-60%) is much greater than that for a
vapor power cycle (1-2%)
ME 152 15
Air-Standard Brayton
Cycle Analysis, cont.
• Cold-air standard thermal efficiency
1
th  1 
rp( k 1) / k

• High pressure ratios (rp =P2/P1) yield


the highest thermal efficiency,
however, moderate pressure ratios
often yield a higher power-to-weight
ratio
• Maximum turbine inlet temperature
is around 1700 K, imposed by
metallurgical properties
ME 152 16
Improving Gas Turbine
Cycle Performance
• Regeneration - utilizes turbine
exhaust gas to preheat air entering
the combustor; this reduces heat
addition requirement and increases
thermal efficiency
• Multistage turbine with reheat -
similar to vapor power cycles;
increases thermal efficiency
• Compressor intercooling - gas is
cooled between compressor stages;
decreases compressor work and bwr,
increases thermal efficiency
ME 152 17
Gas Turbine Aircraft
Propulsion
• Gas turbines are ideal for aircraft propulsion
due to high power-to-weight ratio
• Basic turbojet engine - inlet diffuser,
compressor, combustor, turbine, exit nozzle
• Turbofan engine - inlet fan brings in
additional air which bypasses engine core
and increases thrust from nozzle
• Turboprop engine - turbine powers a
propeller, which provides primary thrust
• Ramjet - high-speed air is compressed by
ram effect and then heated by combustor;
thrust is developed by nozzle w/o need for
compressor or turbine

ME 152 18

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