Muhammad Zuhaib

Presentation Topic:
Telecommunication in terms of mobile
communication
 Contents
 Definition of Telecommunication
 Radio transmission techniques
 Mobile communication
 GSM Architecture
 GSM Channels and types
 Frequency reuse concept
 Security in GSM
 2.5G standards
 3G standards
 Telecommunication

1. The exchange of information over significant

distance by electronic means.
2. The transmission of information, as words,
sounds, or images, usually over great distances,
in the form of electromagnetic signals, as by
telegraph, telephone, radio, or television.

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 Radio Transmission Techniques
• Radio Transmission Techniques
– FDMA
– TDMA
– CDMA

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 FDMA
Frequency

Channel

Time

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 TDMA
Frequency Time Slot

Channel

Time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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 CDMA
Frequency

Code

Time

Code 1
Code 2
Code 3
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FDMA---Different user use different FDMA
frequency
TACS 、 AMPS Power

cy
uen
Tim eq
e Fr

TDMA---Different user use different TDMA

time slot of one frequency
Power
GSM 、 DAMPS y
e nc
qu
Fre
Tim
e

CDMA---Different user use same CDMA

frequency at the same time, but with
different spreading code Power

cy
Tim uen
eq
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8
1 The first generation mobile communication
—— analog cellular mobile communication
Feature:
1)frequency division multiple access(FDMA)
2)analog signal
Main mode: AMPS TACS

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2 The second generation mobile communication
—— digital cellular mobile communication
Feature:
1)time division multiple access(TDMA)
2)digital signal

Main mode: GSM DAMPS

N-CDMA

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3 The third generation mobile communication
—— IMT2000 (3G)
Feature:
1) code division multiple access(CDMA)
2)digital signal

2000 means:
frequency is 2000MHZ,
maximum service rate is 2000kbit/s.

Main mode: CDMA2000

WCDMA
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Figure 2.3 Various upgrade paths for 2G technologies.

© 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Commercial use, distribution, or

sale prohibited.
 Worldwide Subscriber base as a function
of cellular technology in late 2001
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 Global System For Mobile communication
(GSM)

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a

cellular standard developed to create voice services and
data delivery.
GSM Network Architecture
A GSM network is made up of multiple components and
interfaces that facilitate sending and receiving of signaling
and traffic messages. It is a collection of transceivers,
controllers, switches, routers, and registers.
 1.Main components of GSM

•MS(mobile station)
•BSS(base station sub-system)
•NSS(Network switching sub-system)
•OSS(operation support subsystem)

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GSM Network Architecture

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GSM Network Architecture
• Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Network Switching
Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 Mobile Station (MS)
• The Mobile Station is made up of
two entities:
• Mobile Equipment (ME)
o The Mobile Equipment is the hardware
used by the subscriber to access the
network .
o Uniquely identified by an IMEI
(International Mobile Equipment
Identity)

o Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

o Smart card containing the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
o Allows user to send and receive calls
and receive other subscribed services
o Protected by a password or PIN
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GSM Network Architecture

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

* Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
* Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
* Transceiver
* Transmitter
* Receiver
Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Manages Radio resources for BTS
• Assigns Frequency and time slots for all
MS’s in its area
• Handles call set up
• Handover for each MS
• Radio Power control
• It communicates with MSC and BTS
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22
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GSM Network Architecture

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

• Heart of the network

• Manages communication between GSM
and other networks
• Call routing
• Billing information and collection
• Single MSC handles 100,000 subscriber
at a time and 5,000 conversation
simultaneously.
• MSC does gateway function while its
customer roams to other network by
using HLR/VLR.
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GSM Network Architecture
Home Location Registers (HLR)
•Permanent database about mobile
subscribers in a large service area(generally
one per GSM network operator)
• Database contains IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity)

Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

• Temporary database which updates
whenever new MS enters its area.
• Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
• Reduces number of queries to HLR
• Database contains
IMSI,TMSI(Temporary Mobile Subscriber
Identity),Location Area.
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GSM Network Architecture
Authentication Center (AUC)
• Protects against trespasser in air
interface
• Maintains authentication keys and
algorithms and provides security.
• Generally associated with HLR

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

• Database that is used to track handsets
using the IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
• Made up of three sub-classes:
The White List,
The Black List
& the Gray List
• Only one EIR per network.
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Operation Support subsystem
(OSS)
 Supports the operation and maintenance of GSM and allow
system engineer to monitor, diagnose and troubleshoot all
aspects of GSM system.
 OSS support one or several operation and maintenance
centers(OMC).
 OMC is connected to all equipment's in switching sub-
system and to the BSS.
 The implementation of OMC is called OSS.
Operation Support subsystem
(OSS)
 OMC used to monitor and maintain the performance
of each MS, BS, BSC and MSC within a GSM
system.
 It can improve the overall system working efficiency and
service quality.
Operation Support subsystem
(OSS)

The OSS has three main functions

1. To maintain all telecommunications hardware

and network operations with a particular market.
2. Manage all charging and billing procedures.
3. Manage all mobile equipment in the network.
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 UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES

890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz

UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 45MHZ

 Channel Types

In a GSM system, channels are divided into logical and

physical channels. Time slots are basic physical channels;
thus each carrier frequency contains 8 physical channels.
Physical channels of radio sub-systems support logical
channels which can be subdivided funcationally into Traffic
Channels (TCH) and Control Channels (CCH).

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GSM Channels
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 Frequency Reuse
• Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio
channels within a small geographic area called a cell.
• Neighboring cells are assigned different channel groups.
• By limiting the coverage area to within the boundary of
the cell, the channel groups may be reused to cover
different cells.
• Keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
• Frequency reuse
•seven groups of channel from A
to G
•Omni-directional antenna vs.
directional antenna
 Channel Assignment Strategies
• Frequency reuse scheme
– increases capacity
• Channel assignment strategy
– fixed channel assignment
– dynamic channel assignment
• Fixed channel assignment
– each cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice channel
– any new call attempt can only be served by the unused
channels
– the call will be blocked if all channels in that cell are
occupied
• Dynamic channel assignment
– channels are not allocated to cells permanently.
– allocate channels based on request.
– reduce the likelihood of blocking, increase capacity.
 Handoff Strategies
• When a mobile moves into a different cell while a
conversation is in progress, the MSC automatically
transfers the call to a new channel belonging to the new
base station.

• Two types of handoffs

1. Soft handoff
Make before break

2. Hard handoff
Break before make
Handovers

 Between 1 and 2 – Inter

BTS / Intra BSC
 Between 1 and 3 –
Inter BSC/ Intra MSC
 Between 1 and 4 –
Inter MSC
• Handoff measurement

– In first generation analog cellular systems, signal strength

measurements are made by the base station and
supervised by the MSC.
– In second generation systems (TDMA), handoff decisions
are mobile assisted, called mobile assisted handoff (MAHO)

• Intersystem handoff: If a mobile moves from one

cellular system to a different cellular system controlled
by a different MSC.

• Handoff requests is much important than handling a

new call.
 Practical Handoff Consideration

• Different type of users

– High speed users need frequent handoff during a call.

– Low speed users may never need a handoff during a call.

• Microcells to provide capacity, the MSC can become

burdened if high speed users are constantly being
passed between very small cells.
.
• Large and small cells can be located at a single location
(umbrella cell)
– different antenna height
– different power level
 Interference

• Two major cellular interference

– co-channel interference
– adjacent channel interference
 Co-channel Interference
• There are several cells that uses the same set of
frequencies

– co-channel cells
– co-channel interference

• To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cell must

be separated by a specific distance.
 Adjacent Channel Interference
• Adjacent channel interference: interference from
adjacent in frequency to the desired signal.

– Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through

careful filtering and channel assignment.
receiving filter
response

signal on adjacent channel signal on adjacent channel

desired signal

FILTER
interference
interference desired signal
 Improving Capacity in Cellular
Systems
• Methods for improving capacity in cellular systems

– Cell Splitting: subdividing a congested cell into smaller

cells.

– Sectoring: directional antennas to control the interference

and frequency reuse.
 Cell Splitting
• Split congested cell into smaller cells.
– Preserve frequency reuse plan.
– Reduce transmission power.

Reduce R to
microce R/2
ll
 Sectoring
• Decrease the co-channel interference and keep the cell
radius R unchanged
– Replacing single omni-directional antenna by several
directional antennas
– Radiating within a specified sector
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 Security in GSM

 On air interface, GSM uses encryption and TMSI instead

of IMSI.
 SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN
 Three algorithms are specified :
- A3 algorithm for authentication
- A5 algorithm for encryption
- A8 algorithm for key generation
Authentication in GSM
Key generation and Encryption
 2.5G Mobile Radio Networks
Weaknesses of 2G
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 2G technologies use circuit-switched data

modems that limit data users to a single
circuit-switched voice channel.

SheikhooOo
 2.5G Mobile Radio Networks
Weaknesses of 2G
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 In 2G, original GSM, CDMA, and IS-136

standards which originally supported
9.6 kilobits per second transmission
rates for data messages.
 2.5G Mobile Radio Networks
Weaknesses of 2G
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 Due to relatively small data rates, 2 G

standards are able to support limited
Internet browsing.
 2.5G Mobile Radio Networks
The new standards represent 2.5G technology
and allow existing 2G equipment to be
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modified and supplemented with new base

station and subscriber unit software upgrades
to support higher data rate transmissions for
web browsing, e-mail traffic and location-
based mobile services.

SheikhooOo
 2.5G TDMA Standards
The three TDMA upgrade options
include
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 High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
(EDGE)
 High Speed Circuit Switched
Data (HSCSD) for 2.5 GSM
 It is a circuit switched technique that
allows a single mobile subscriber to use
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consecutive user time slots in the GSM

standard instead of limiting each user to
only one specific time slot in the GSM
TDMA standard.
 Increases data rate from 9.6kb/s to
14.6bp/s.
 GPRS for 2.5 GSM and IS-136
 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
used packet switching technology.
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 GPRS for 2.5 GSM and IS-136
GPRS supports multi-user network
sharing of individual radio
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channels and time slots. GPRS can

support many more user than HSCSD,
but in a bursty manner.
 Comparison of GSM &
GPRS
GSM GPRS
Data Rates 9.6 Kbps 14.4 to 115.2
Kbps
Modulation GMSK GMSK
Technique
Billing Duration of Amount of
connection data
transferred
Type of Circuit – Switched Packet -
Connection Technology Switched
Technology
Circuit switching
Packet switching
 What is EDGE
 EDGE(Enhance data rate for GSM evolution) is radio
signaling technology for 3G mobile networks.

 EDGE use for mobile services such as downloading of

video and music clips full multimedia messaging high
speed colors internet access and e-mail on the move.
 INTRODUCTION OF EDGE
 EDGE is a digital mobile phone technology.
 It can be used of any packet switching
application such as internet connection.
 Increased data rate up to 384 kbps.
 Introduces new modulation techniques
(8PSK)
 HOW DOES EDGE WORK ?
 EDGE work by improving the signaling
interface used to communicate over the
radio wave
 Typically EDGE enhance three times the
performance of GPRS achieving the data
rate 80 to 160 kbps per user with mobile
terminal.
 EDGE Benefits
 Short term benefits:
Capacity and performance

 Easy implementation on GSM/GPRS network.

 Cost effective.
 Increase the capacity and triples the data rate of GPRS.
 IS-95B

 Upgraded version of IS-95.

 CDMA based cellular mobile communication with provide
data rate 115.1kb/s.
 CDMA2000

 CDMA2000-1xRTT
 CDMA2000-1xEV,DO
 CDMA2000-3xRTT
 CDMA
 Property to operate at very large
interference level because of its interference
resistive property.
 Ability to operate at very small S/N ratio
than conventional narrowband FM
technology that allow CDMA system to use
same set of frequency in every cell.
 Future Of GSM
 2nd Generation
 GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)

 2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)

HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
 Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
 GPRS (General Packet Radio service)

 Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps

 EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)

 Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)

 3 Generation
 WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)

 Data rate : 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps

 4G Standards

1. High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)

(Use in mobile Net)
2. Long Term Evolution (LTE)
(Use in Mobile communication)
 HSPA

HSPA divided into two parts

1. High Speed Uplink Packet Access(HSUPA)

2. High Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA)
 Its ports increases peak data rates up to 14Mb/s for
the downlink and 5.8Mb/s for uplink.
 It improves the performance of the W-CDMA
protocols.
 It provide five times more system capacity in
downlink and up to twice in uplink.
 It reduces the production cost per bit as compared
to original W-CDMA protocols.