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Microcontroller: College: MCAS Section: V-Semester Presented By: Shabeeba. P

Microcontrollers are small computers contained on a single chip that are used to control embedded systems. They contain a CPU, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers are commonly used in devices like cars, appliances, robots, and medical equipment to control their specific functions. They work by receiving data from sensors via I/O ports, storing temporary information in memory, processing instructions with the CPU, and communicating/taking actions via I/O ports. The 8051 microcontroller architecture features an 8-bit CPU, 4KB of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four I/O ports, and a 12MHz crystal oscillator.

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175 views

Microcontroller: College: MCAS Section: V-Semester Presented By: Shabeeba. P

Microcontrollers are small computers contained on a single chip that are used to control embedded systems. They contain a CPU, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers are commonly used in devices like cars, appliances, robots, and medical equipment to control their specific functions. They work by receiving data from sensors via I/O ports, storing temporary information in memory, processing instructions with the CPU, and communicating/taking actions via I/O ports. The 8051 microcontroller architecture features an 8-bit CPU, 4KB of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four I/O ports, and a 12MHz crystal oscillator.

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ShabeebaNawab
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microcontroller

College: MCAS
Section: V-Semester
Presented by: Shabeeba. P
Introduction
What is microcontroller?

It is a small computer on a single metal-oxide


semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip.
 System on a Chip (SoC).
A microcontroller contains  CPU (processor cores) along with memory  and
programmable input/output peripherals. 
Designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system; designed to
control small features of a larger component.
microcontrollers are found in vehicles, robots, office machines, medical
devices, mobile radio transceivers, vending machines and home appliances,
among other devices.
How do microcontrollers work?
• A microcontroller is embedded inside of a system to control a singular
function in a device.
• It does this by interpreting data it receives from its I/O peripherals
using its central processor.
• The temporary information that the microcontroller receives is stored
in its data memory, where the processor accesses it and uses
instructions stored in its program memory.
• It then uses its I/O peripherals to communicate and enact the
appropriate action.
• Microcontrollers are used in a wide array of systems and devices.
Devices often utilize multiple microcontrollers that work together
within the device to handle their respective tasks.
Real Time Application Example:
• A car might have many microcontrollers that control various
individual systems within, such as the anti-lock braking system,
traction control, fuel injection or suspension control.
• All the microcontrollers communicate with each other to inform the
correct actions. Some might communicate with a more complex
central computer within the car, and others might only communicate
with other microcontrollers.
• They send and receive data using their I/O peripherals and process
that data to perform their designated tasks.
Microcontroller vs. Microprocessor
Classification of microcontrollers
Basic Components of a Microcontroller
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 It is the heart of the Microcontroller that mainly comprises of an Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU) and a Control Unit (CU) and other important components.
 The CPU is the primary device in communicating with peripheral devices like
Memory, Input and Output.

ALU or Arithmetic Logic Unit, as the name suggests, performs the


Arithmetical and Logical Operations.
CU or Control Unit is responsible for timing of the communication process
between the CPU and its peripherals.
Program Memory

 The instructions of the CPU are stored in the Program Memory.

 It is usually implemented as Read Only Memory or ROM, where the


Program written in to it will be retained even when the power is down or the
system is reset.

Data Memory
 Data Memory in a Microcontroller is responsible for storing values of
variables, temporary data, intermediate results and other data for proper
operation of the program.

 Data Memory is often called as RAM (Random Access Memory), which is a


type of volatile memory.
Input and Output Ports
 I/O Ports or Input / Output Ports provide the microcontroller, a physical
connection to the outside world.
 Input Ports provide a gateway for passing on the data from the outside world
with the help of sensors.
 Output Ports allow microcontroller to control external devices (like motors and
LEDs).
 Generally, all ports in microcontrollers have dual functionality i.e. they can act
as both input and output port (not at the same time though).

Clock Generator (Oscillator)


 A clock signal allows the operations inside the microcontroller and other parts
to be synchronous.
 A Clock Generator is an integral part of the Microcontroller’s Architecture and
the user has to provide an additional Timing Circuit in the form of a Crystal.
Microcontrollers - 8051 Architecture
 8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981.
 It is an 8-bit microcontroller.
 It is built with 40 pins
 4kb of ROM storage
 128 bytes of RAM storage, 2 16-bit timers.
 four parallel 8-bit ports, which are programmable as well as addressable as
per the requirement.
 An on-chip crystal oscillator is integrated in the microcontroller having
crystal frequency of 12 MHz.
 8-bit data bus, a 16-bit address bus
 All other devices like program memory, ports, data memory, serial
interface, interrupt control, timers, and the CPU are all interfaced together
through the system bus.
Microcontrollers - 8051 Architecture
 In the diagram, the system bus
connects all the support
devices to the CPU.
 The system bus consists of an
8-bit data bus, a 16-bit address
bus and bus control signals.
 All other devices like program
memory, ports, data memory,
serial interface, interrupt
control, timers, and the CPU
are all interfaced together
through the system bus.

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