IT243 DATA COMMUNICATION

Chapter :-1- Introduction to Data

Communications

Prepared By:
Nehal S. Patel
I.T. Dept.
CSPIT, Charusat
 Outline
• Introduction of data communication
• Characteristics of dc
• Components of dc
• Data Flow
• Networks
• Protocols and Standards
Simple Data Communication Model
 Applications of Networks
• Resource sharing such as printers and storage devices

• Exchange of information by means of e-Mails and FTP

• Information sharing by using Web or Internet

• Interaction with other users using dynamic web pages

• IP phones

• Video conferences

• Parallel computing

• Instant messaging
 Data Communication
• Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.

• Characteristics of data communication:-

Characteristics

Delivery Accuracy Timeliness Jitter

 Characteristics of Data Communication
1. Delivery :- The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
2. Accuracy :- The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been altered in transmission and
left uncorrected are unusable.
3. Timeliness :- The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late are useless. To
illustrate, in the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in the
same order that they are produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time
transmission.
4. Jitter :- Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery of
audio or video packets. For instance, let us assume that video packets are sent every 30 ms. If some of the
packets arrive with 30-ms delay and others with 40-ms delay, an uneven quality in the video is the result.
Components
 Continue
I. Message:-

 The message is the data or information to be communicated. It may consist of text, number, pictures, sound,
video or any a combination of these.

II. Sender:-

 Sender is the device which sends the data messages. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video
camera etc.

III. Receiver:-

 Receiver is the device which receives the data messages. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone
handset etc.

IV. Transmission Medium:-

 The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver. Some
illustrations include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, radio waves and fiber-optic cable.
 Continue

V. Protocol:-

 It is a set of rules that governs the data communications. It represents an agreement between the
communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating.
For example, tcp, udp, http, https, smtp , ftp, etc.
 Data Representation
 Information today comes in different forms such as text, numbers, images, audio and video.

Text

Audio
and Data Numbers
Representation
video

Images
 Continue
I. Text:-

 In data communications, text is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of (0s or 1s).

II. Numbers:-

 Numbers are also represented by bit patterns. However, a code such as ASCII is not used to represent
numbers; the number is directly converted into a binary numbers to simplify mathematical operations.

III. Images:-

 Images are also represented by bit patterns.

 An images is composed of a matrix of pixels, where each pixel is a small dot. The size of a pixel depends on the
resolution.

 There are various methods to represent color images like RGB, YCM, etc.
 Continue
IV. Audio:-

 Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or music.

 Audio is by nature different form text, numbers or images. It is continuous not discrete.

V. Video:-

 Video refers to the recording or broadcasting of picture or movie.

 It can either be produced as a continuous entity like TV camera or it can be a combination of images each a
discrete entity.
 Data Flow
• Communication between two devices can be simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex.
 Simplex Mode

 The communication is unidirectional.

 Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive.
 It can use the entire capacity of the channel to send data in one direction.
 Example:- Keyboard and monitor.
 Half-Duplex Mode

 In this mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.

 When one device is sending, the other can only receive and vice versa.

 Use:- There is no need for communication in both directions at the same time; the

entire capacity of the channel can be utilized for each direction.

• Example:- Walkie-Talkies and citizen band radios.

Walkie-Talkies citizen band radios

 Full-Duplex Mode

 In this mode, both stations can transmit and receive concurrently.

 Use:- Communication in both directions is required all the time. The capacity of
channel is divided between the two directions.
 Example:- Telephone.
 Comparison Chart[2]
PARAMETERS SIMPLEX HALF DUPLEX FULL DUPLEX

Direction of Communication is unidirectional. Communication is two-directional Communication is two directional

Communication but not at the same time. and done concurrently.

Send/Receive A sender can send data but can not A sender can send as well as receive A sender can send as well as receive
receive. the data but not at the same time. the data concurrently.

Performance The half duplex and full duplex yields The full duplex mode yields higher Full duplex has better performance
better performance than the Simplex. performance than half duplex. as it doubles the utilization of
bandwidth.

Instance Keyboard and monitor. Walkie-Talkies. Telephone.

 Networks
• A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication
links.

• A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.

• A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium which can transport a signal
carrying information.
Topics discussed in this section:
 Network Criteria
 Physical Structures
 Categories of Networks
 Network Criteria
• The most important of network criteria are performance, reliability and security.

1. Performance:-
 Depends on Network Elements (number of users, the type of transmission medium, hardware & software)

 Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput

 Throughput :-

 Throughput defines how much useful data can be transmitted per unit time.

 Delay:-

 The delay of a network specifies how long it takes for a bit of data to travel across the network from one node or endpoint to
another. It is typically measured in multiples or fractions of seconds.

2. Reliability:-
 Failure rate of network components

 Measured in terms of availability/robustness

3. Security:-

 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:

o Errors

o Malicious users
 Types of Errors

 Single-bit error:

 Burst Error:-
 Physical Structures

A network is two or more devices connected through links.

Types of
connection

Point-to-point Multipoint
 Point-to-Point Connection

 It provides a dedicated link between two devices.

 Entire capacity of the link reserved for transmission between two devices.

 Example:- Computer and printer, Television and remote control.

Telephone Network
 Multipoint (Multidrop) Connection

 More than two devices share a single link.

 Capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or temporally.

 If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially shared.

 Cont.…
• The networks having multipoint configuration are called Broadcast Networks. 

• In broadcast network, a message or a packet sent by any machine is received by all other

machines in a network.

• The packet contains address field that specifies the receiver.

• Upon receiving a packet, every machine checks the address field of the packet.

• If the transmitted packet is for that particular machine, it processes it; otherwise it just

ignores the packet. 

 Point-to-Point vs. Multipoint
BASIS FOR COMPARISON POINT-TO-POINT MULTIPOINT

Link There is dedicated link between The link is shared between more
two devices. than two devices.

Channel Capacity The channel's entire capacity is The channel's capacity is shared
reserved for the two connected temporarily among the devices
devices. connected to the link.

Transmitter and Receiver There is a single transmitter and a There is a single transmitter and
single receiver. multiple receivers.

Example Frame relay, T-carrier, X.25, etc. Frame relay, token ring, Ethernet,
ATM, etc.
 Physical Structures
Physical Topology

 Refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically.

 Used to connect two or more devices

 It is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices to each other.

 Type of transmission - unicast, multicast, broadcast

 Addresses in Computer Networks

• Port address

• Mac address

• IP address

• Socket address
 Port address
• 16 bits address

• Total virtual ports are 65,535 (0-1024 reserved for well-known services like server)

• Use at transport layer

• Use to identify specific process at source and destination computer

• Example:-
• HTTP :- 80

• FTP:- 21
 MAC address
• 48 bit address (hexadecimal format)

• Use at data link layer

• Also called physical or permeant address

• Uniquely identify hardware world wide (computer , mobile)

• Example:-
• 38-B1-DB-EE-DE-71
 IP address
• Use at network layer or it is also called network layer protocol

• The IP addresses are unique

• There are two types of Internet Protocol:

• Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4-32 Bits): currently used version of Internet Protocol.

• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6-128 Bits): the upcoming replacement for IPv4.
 IP address
• The address space of IPv4 is 232 or 4,294,967,296 .

• The binary, dotted decimal, and hexadecimal.

Classes of IP addresses
 Classes of IP addresses
Different networks have different sizes. Basically, there are many small networks and few large networks.

Find the class of each address:

a. 227.12.14.87 b.193.14.56.22 c.14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111 e.134.11.78.56
 IP addresses
• 127.0.0.0 and 127.0.0.1 :- Loop Back address or localhost address

• Private IP addresses
• 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 :- Class-A

• 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 :- Class-B

• 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255:- Class-C

IP address (Binary form)
 IP address (Binary form)
Finding the address class

Find the class of each address:

a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 10100111 11011011 10001011 01101111
d. 11110011 10011011 11111011 00001111
 Socket address
• The combination of an IP address and a port number is called a socket address.

To use the services of transport layer in the Internet, we need a pair of socket addresses:
• the client socket address
• the server socket address
Mesh Topology

 Every device has a dedicated point

to point link to every other device.
 Total number of physical links for n
nodes = n* (n-1)
 If each link allow communication
in both direction then we divide
number of links by 2.
 n(n-1)/2
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Advantages

 Each link carry its own data load, thus eliminating traffic problems

 It is robust- if one link break

 Data transfer is faster and more secure.

 Point to Point makes fault identification and fault isolation easy

 Disadvantages

 Lots of cabling

 High Complexity in network

 Expensive – H/w require to connect each link

 Example:- connection of telephone regional office.

1.43
Star Topology
Each device has a dedicated point to
point link to a hub.
If one device wants to send data to
another, it sends data to hub, after that hub
sends data to other device
Less expensive compare to mess.
Each device needs only one link and one
I/O ports to connect it to any no. of devices.
Easy to install and reconfigure
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Advantages

 It is robust- if one link fails, only that link affected.

 Easy fault identification or troubleshoot.

 Easy to install and wire.

 Disadvantages

 Whole topology depends on single point called hub.(So Hub fail , whole network
down)
 More cables length requires than other topology like ring, bus.

 More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the Connectors.
Tree Topology = Star topology+ Bus Topology
 Bus Topology

 Use multipoint connection. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all device in a network.
 A tap is a connector.
 As a signal travels along backbone, some of its energy is transformed into heat. Therefore, it becomes
weaker and weaker as it travels further and further.
 For above reason, there is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the distance between
those taps.
 It was the first topology used in the early design of LANs.
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Advantages
 Easy to installation

 Uses less cable length than star and mesh topologies

 Disadvantages
 Difficult to reconnection and fault isolation.

 A bus is usually designed to be optimally efficient at installation. It can be

difficult to add new device.
 Adding a new device may require modification or replacement of backbone.

 Fault or break in bus cable stops all transmission.

 Terminators are required for both ends of the main cable.

1.49
Ring Topology
 Continue
 Each device has dedicated point to point connection with only the two devices on either side of it.
 No beginning or end.
 A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device until it reached its final
destination.
 Single ring: data travels in one direction only
 Double ring: A double ring allows fault tolerance
 Each device in ring contains repeater.
 Each device has to wait its turn to transmit.
 To add or remove a device requires changing only two connection.
 Break in the ring can disable entire network. Solve by using dual ring.
 Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
 Easy to install and reconfigure

 Data packets travel at high speed

 No collisions

 No terminators required

 All stations have equal access.

Disadvantages

 Most expensive topology

 Complex

 Failure of one computer may impact others.

1.53
Dual Ring
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with
three bus networks
 Why multiple topologies?

 Each has merits and demerits.

• Ring ease synchronization; may be disabled if any cable is cut.

• Star easier to mange and more robust; require more cables.

• Bus requires fewer cables; may be disabled if cable is cut.

 Industry is setting on star topology as most widely used.

 Physical Topology

The actual layout of a network and its media.

Example:-

24 users
 Logical Topology

• The way in which the data access the medium and transmits packets.

• It is change and VLANs allow you to create multiple virtual networks

running on that 1 switch changes the flow of data the user’s point of view.
 Categories of Networks
 Classification of network done according to size of area.

• PAN
• LAN
• MAN
• WAN
 Personal Area Network (PANs)

 A PAN is a network that is used for data transmission amongst devices such as
computers, telephones, tablets and personal digital assistants.
 It can be used for communicating between the devices themselves, or for
connecting to a larger network such as the internet.
 PAN’s can be wired or wireless.

 Wireless PANs typically use Bluetooth, Wireless USB or sometimes infrared

(Remote Control) connections.
 Bluetooth range approximately 100 meters
 PAN
• In the simplest form, Bluetooth networks use the master-slave paradigm.

• In computer networking, master/slave is a model for a communication

protocol in which one device or process (known as the master) controls one
or more other devices or processes (known as slaves). Once
the master/slave relationship is established, the direction of control is always
from the master to the slave(s).
Bluetooth PAN Configuration
 Local Area Network(LAN)
• That connects computers and other devices in a relatively small area,
typically a single building or a group of buildings.
• Network size limited to few kilometers.
• LANs are designed allow resources (Hardware, Software, data) to be
shared between computers and communicate with each other by sending
mail, chat.
• Designed to provide local interconnectivity.
• Ethernet is most common type of LAN.
• LANs are capable of transmitting data at very fast rates because of
limited distance and limit on number of devices that can be attached to a
single LANs.
 Continue

• Most Common LAN topologies are bus, ring and star.

• LANs can be wired or wireless-Twisted pair, coax or fiber optic cable can

be used in wired LAN’s.

• Every LAN uses a protocol – a set of rules that governs how packets are

configured and transmitted.

Networking Devices
Example of Home Network
Continue
Continue
 Continue

An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• MAN is a network with a size between a
LAN and a WAN.

• MAN is designed to extend over the

entire city or a town.

• For instance, a company can use a MAN

to connect the LANs in all its office in a
city. MAN is wholly owned and operated
by a private company or may be a
service provided by a public company.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
• It provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image and
information over large geographical areas that may comprise a country,
continent or even the whole world.
 Continue
 The Internet is an example of a worldwide public WAN.

 WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs)
or metro area networks (MANs). 
 Switched WAN
 Connects the end system, which contains a router that connects to another LANs and WANs.

 Point to point WAN

 Leased line from a telephone or cable TV provider that connects a home computer or a small LAN
to an ISP.
WANs: Switched WAN & Point-to-point
WAN
 Difference between LAN, MAN & WAN
Criteria LAN MAN WAN

Cost Low High Higher

Network Size Small Larger Largest

Transmission media type Twisted-pair Twisted-pair and fiber Fiber optics radio waves
optic cables and satellite

Number of computers Smallest Large Largest

 Protocols and Standards

A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication.

Key Elements of protocol

Syntax

Key
elements

Semantics Timing
 Continue
• Syntax
 The term syntax refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the order in
which they are presented. For example, a some protocol might expect the first 8 bits
of data to be the address of the sender, the second 8 bits to be the address of the
receiver, and the rest of the stream to be the message itself. 

• Semantics
 Semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits.

 How are a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what action is to be taken based
on that interpretation? For example, does an address identify the route to be taken
or the final destination of the message?
 Continue
• Timing
The term timing refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast
they can be sent.
Example, if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the receiver can process data at
only 1 Mbps, the transmission will overload the receiver and some data will be lost.

 Protocols define format, order of messages sent and received among

network entities, and actions taken on messages transmission,
receipt.
 Standards
• Standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications
or other precise criteria that specify how a particular product or service
should be designed or performed.

• There are various standards organizations such as ISO(International

Organizations for standards), ITU-T(International Telecommunication
Union-Telecommunication Standards Sector) ANSI(American National
Standard institute), IEEE(Institute of Electrical an Electronics Engineers )
 References
1) Data Communication and Networking, Behrouz Forouzan, McGraw Hill Publication

2) http://techdifferences.com