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Class 7

The document provides solutions to sketching and expressing various signals in terms of unit step, ramp, and impulse functions. It sketches signals that involve operations like time shifting, scaling, multiplication, and addition on basic signals. It expresses given signals as the sum of unit step, ramp and impulse functions by analyzing the slopes and discontinuities in the signals. The document contains detailed step-by-step solutions and illustrations to transform signals between the time and discrete domain using basic operations.

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karthik
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615 views

Class 7

The document provides solutions to sketching and expressing various signals in terms of unit step, ramp, and impulse functions. It sketches signals that involve operations like time shifting, scaling, multiplication, and addition on basic signals. It expresses given signals as the sum of unit step, ramp and impulse functions by analyzing the slopes and discontinuities in the signals. The document contains detailed step-by-step solutions and illustrations to transform signals between the time and discrete domain using basic operations.

Uploaded by

karthik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Sketch the following signals.

(a) u(-t+2) (b) -2u(t+2) (c) -4r(t) (d) 2r(t-2)


Solution:
(a)Given x(t)=u(-t+2)
The signal u(-t+2) can be obtained by first drawing the unit step signal u(t) as shown in figure 1.1(a), then time
reversing the signal u(t) about t=0 to obtain u(-t) as shown in figure 1.1(b) and then shifting the reversed signal
to the right by 2 units of time to obtain u(-t+2) as shown in figure 1.1(c).

Figure 1.1 (a) Unit Step Signal , (b) Folded Unit Step Signal, (c) Delayed folded signal
(b) Given x(t)= -2u(t+2)
The signal -2u(t+2) can be obtained by first drawing the unit step signal u(t) as shown in figure 1.2(a), then
shifting the signal u(t) to the left by 2 units of time to obtain u(t+2) as shown in figure 1.2(b) and then
multiplying the signal u(t+2) by -2 to obtain -2u(t+2) as shown in figure 1.2(c)

Figure 1.2 (a) Unit step signal u(t), (b) Shifted signal u(t+2), (c) Scaled signal -2u(t+2)
(c) Given x(t) = -4r(t)
The signal x(t) is a ramp signal with a slope of -4 as shown in figure 1.3

Figure 1.3 Ramp signal x(t)= -4r(t)


(d) Given x(t)= 2r(t-2)
The signal 2r(t-2) can be obtained by first drawing the ramp signal 2r(t) with slope of 2 as shown in
figure 1.4(a) and then shifting it to the right by 2 units to obtain 2r(t-2) as shown in figure 1.4(b).

Figure 1.4 (a) Scaled ramp, (b) Delayed scaled ramp


2. Sketch the following signals.
(a) u(n+2)u(-n+3) (b) x(n)=u(n+4)-u(n-2)
Solution:
(b) Given x(n)=u(n+2)u(-n+3)
The signal u(n+2)u(-n+3) can be obtained by first drawing the signal u(n+2) as shown in figure 2.1(a), then
drawing u(-n+3) as shown in figure 2.1(b) and then multiplying these sequences element by element to
obtain u(n+2)u(-n+3) as shown in figure 2.1(c)
x(n)=0 for n<-2 and n>3; x(n)=1 for -2<n<3

Figure 2.1 Plots of (a) u(n+2) , (b) u(-n+3) , (c) u(n+2)u(-n+3)


(b) Given x(n)= u(n+4)-u(n-2)
The signal u(n+4)-u(n-2) can be obtained by first plotting u(n+4) as shown in figure 2.2(a), then plotting u(n-2)
as shown in figure 2.2(b) and then subtracting each element of u(n-2) from the corresponding element of
u(n+4)to obtain the result shown in figure 2.2(c)

Figure 2.2 Plots of (a) u(n+4), (b) u(n-2), (c) u(n+4)-u(n-2)


3. For the signal x(t) shown in figure 3.1, find the signals
(a) x(t-3) and x(t+3) (b) x(2t+2) and x( ½ t -2)
(c) x(5/3 t) and x(3/5 t) (d)x(-t+2) and x(-t -2)

Figure 3.1: Signal for Example 3


Solution:

(a) The signal x(t-3) can be obtained by shifting x(t) to the right (delay) by 3 units as shown in figure 3.2(a)
The signal x(t+3) can be obtained by shifting x(t) to the left (advance) by 3 units as shown in figure 3.2 (b).

Figure 3.2 (a) Time Delay, (b) Time advance


(b) The signal x(2t+2) can be obtained by first advancing x(t) by two units to get x(t+2) as shown in figure
3.3(a) and then time scaling (compression) x(t+2) by a factor of 2 as shown in figure 3.3(b)
The signal x(1/2 t -2) can be obtained by first delaying x(t) by 2 units to obtain x(t-2) as shown in figure 3.3 (c) and
then time scaling (expanding) x(t-2) by a factor of (1/2) as shown in figure 3.3 (d)

Figure 3.3 (a) Time scaling, (b) Time compression, (c) Time delay, (d) Time expansion
(c) The signal x[(5/3)t] can be obtained by time scaling x(t) by a factor of (5/3), i.e., by compressing the
signal x(t) by (3/5) times as shown in figure 3.4(a).
The signal x[(3/5)t] can be obtained by time scaling x(t) by a factor of (3/5), i.e., by expanding x(t) by (5/3)
times as shown in figure 3.4(b). The zero point remains as it is because 0 x a = 0 itself.

Figure 3.4 (a) Time compression, (b)Time expansion


(d) The signal x(-t+2) can be obtained by folding the signal x(t) about t=0 to obtain the time reversed signal
x(-t) as shown in figure 3.5 (a) and then shifting x(-t) to the right by 2units as shown in figure 3.5(b).
The signal x(-t-2) can be obtained by shifting x(-t) to the left by two units as shown in figure 3.5(c)

Figure 3.5 (a) Time reversal, (b) Time delay, (c) Time advance operations on x(t)
4. Sketch the following signals
(a) 2u(t+2)-2u(t-3) (b)u(t+4)u(-t+4) (c)r(t)-r(t-1)-r(t-3)+r(t-4)
(d) r(-t)u(t+2) (e) r(-0.25t+1)
Solution:
(b) Given 2u(t+2)-2u(t-3)
The signal u(t) is shown in figure 4.1(a). The signal 2u(t+2) is obtained by shifting u(t) to the left by 2 units and
multiplying by 2 as shown in figure 4.1(b).

Figure 4.1 waveforms for (a)


•   signal -2u(t-3) is obtained by shifting u(t) to the right by 3units and multiplying by -2 as shown in
The
figure 4.1(c). The signal 2u(t+2) -2u(t-3) obtained by adding signal 2u(t+2) and -2u(t-3) is shown in figure
4.1(d).
2u(t+2)=2 for-2
and -2u(t-)=-2 for t 3

Therefore,
2u(t+2)-2u(t-3)=

(b) Given u(t+4) u(-t+4)


The signal u(t) is shown in figure in 4.2(a). The signal u(t+4) is obtained by shifting u(t) to the left by 4 units as
shown in figure 4.2(b). The signal u(-t+4) is obtained by reversing u(t) to obtain u(-t) and then shifting u(-t) to
the right by 4 units as shown in figure 4.2(c). The signal u(t+4) u(-t+4) obtained by multiplying the signals
u(t+4) and u(-t+4) is shown in figure 4.2(d).
•  u(t+4)=
and u(-t+4)=
Therefore,
u(t+4)u(-t+4) =

Figure 4.2 waveforms for figure (b)


(c) Given r(t)-r(t-1)-r(t-3)+r(t-4)
The signal r(t) is drawn as shown in figure 4.3(a). It is a straight line starting at origin with a slope 1. –r(t-1) is a straight
line at t=1 with a slope -1 as shown in figure 4.3 (a). -r(t-3) is a straight line starting at t=3 with a slope -1 as shown in
figure 4.3(a) and r(t-4) is a straight line starting at t=4 with a slope as shown in figure 4.3(a). All these straight lines
extended upto infinity.

Figure 4.3 Waveforms for (c)


•  The sum of r(t)-r(t-1)-r(t-3)+r(t-4) is a trapezoidal signal as shown in figure 4.3(d).
In the interval only r(t) is existing and the amplitudes of –r(t-1), -r(t-3) and r(t-4) are zero. Therefore, the
resultant output is r(t) alone. In the resultant output is the sum of r(t) and –r(t-1). That is, the slope is changed
from 1 to 0. In the interval the amplitude of r(t-4) is zero. Therefore, the resultant output is the sum of r(t), -r(t-
1) and –r(t-3). That is the slope is changed from 0 to -1. For , the amplitude of resultant output is the sum of
r(t),-r(t-1),-r(t-3) and r(t-4). It is equal to zero.

(d) Given r(-t)u(t+2)


r(-t) is a time reversal of r(t) as shown in figure 4.4(a)
r(-t)=
u(t+2)=
As shown in figure 4.4(a)
The product Figure 4.4: waveforms of (d)
r(-t)u(t+2)=
As shown in figure 4.4(b)
•   Given
(e) r(-0.25t+1)
r(-0.25t+1) is obtained by time reversing the signal r(t) to obtain r(-t) delaying it (moving to right) by 1 unit to
obtain r(-t+1) and then expanding the signal r(-t+1) by 4 times. The entire operation is shown in figure 4.5
r(-0.25t+1)=

i.e.,
r(-0.25t+1)=

r(-0.25t+1) = 0 for t4 Figure 4.5: waveforms for (e)


= 0.25 for t=3
= 0.75 for t=1
=1 for t=0
= 1.5 for t= -2
And so on..
This can be plotted as shown in figure 4.5(c)
5. Express the following signals as sum of singular functions

Figure 5.1 Waveforms


• 
Solution:
(a) The given signal shown in figure 5.1 (a) is
(n+1)+ (n)+ (n-1)

Therefore x(n)=u(n+2)-u(n-2)

(b) The signal shown in figure 5.1(b) is


x(n)= (n-3)+ (n-4)+ (n-5)

Therefore x(n)=u(n-2)-u(n-6)
•   The signal shown in figure 5.1(c) is starting at t=-2 with a slope 1 and extends up to t=-1. Therefore,
(c)
From -2 t -1 x(t)=r(t+2)
At t=-1, the slope is changing from 1 to 0. So at t=1, we have to add a ramp with slope -1. This 0 slope is
maintained up to t=1. Therefore
From -2 t 1 x(t)=r(t+2)-r(t+1)
At t=1, the slope is changing from 0 to -1. So at t=1, we have to add a ramp with a slope -1. This -1 slope is
maintained up to t=2. Therefore
From -2 t x(t)=r(t+2)-r(t+1)-r(t-1)
At t=2, the slope is changing from –1 to 0. So at t=2, we have to add a ramp with a slope 1. This 0 slope is
maintained up to t=∞. Therefore
From -2 t ∞ x(t)=r(t+2)-r(t+1)-r(t-1)+r(t-2)
Therefore x(t)= r(t+2)-r(t+1)-r(t-1)+r(t-2)
The analysis is shown in figure 5.2.
Figure 5.2 : Waveforms
(d) The signal shown in figure 5.1(d) is starting from t=0 with a slope ½. So it is ramp ½ r(t). At t=2, the value
of r(t)=1. At t=2, the amplitude is suddenly falling to -1 and then rising linearly with same slope ½ . Hence at
t=2, we have to add a step of -2 amplitude i.e., -2u(t-2). At t=4, the signal terminates. So at t=4, we have to add
a ramp with a slope -1/2, i.e. -1/2 r(t-4). The analysis is shown in figure 5.3

Figure 5.3: waveforms


(e) Each rectangular pulse in the given signal of figure 5.1(e) can be expressed as the sum of two step
functions as shown in figure 5.4. The pulse train extends up to infinity.

Therefore, x(t)= u(t)-u(t-T)+u(t-2T)-u(t-3T)+u(t-4T)-u(t-5T)+…

Figure 5.4 Waveforms


(f) Each triangular pulse in the given signal of figure 5.1(f) can be expressed as the sum of 3 ramp
functions as shown in figure 5.5. The pulse train extends up to infinity
Therefore,
x(t)=r(t)-2r(t-1)+r(t-2)+r(t-4)-2r(t-5)+r(t-6)+…..

Figure 5.5: Waveforms

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