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Number systems

Computing Mathematics and Digital logic

Lecture 1

Introduction and Overview of Module

Introduction to Number systems
This lecture and its associated materials have been produced by Mr. Ashok Dhungana (M.Sc IT, Tribhuvan University) of
iAcademy for the purposes of lecturing on the above described subject and the material should be viewed in this
context. The work does not constitute professional advice and no warranties are made regarding the information
presented. The Author and iAcademy do not accept any liability for the consequences of any action taken as a result of
the work or any recommendations made or inferred. Permission to use any of these materials must be first granted by
iAcademy.
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Agenda:
• Module Introduction
 Your Module Leader
 Module Objective
 Module Assessments and Syllabus Summary
 Recommended booklist
• Week 1 Lecture Coverage
 Different number bases
 Conversions between different bases
 1’s and 2’s complement
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Module Leader
• Mr. Prakash Adhikari
(M.Ed Mathematics, TU, Nepal)
(Master’s Degree by research, Computer Sciences, University
of Lumire, France)
– Senior Lecturer, Islington College,
Nepal
– [email protected]

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Your Module Lecturer & Tutor

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Introduction to the Module:

• Overview of Module
– What can you expect?
• Learning Objectives
– How will you benefit?
• Learning Strategy
– How you will learn?
• Assessment Overview
– How you will be tested?

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Overview of Module:
• Computing mathematics and digital logic
• Aim: This module seeks to consolidate and improve
students’ mathematical knowledge, skills and concepts
through practical, analytical, problem Solving
applications and through integration with other
modules. This module introduces, and in some cases
reviews, the mathematical foundations of Computer
science.

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Overview of Module (Contd.):

Syllabus :
 Number bases
 Sets ,Relations and Functions
 Methods of proof
 Propositional logic
 Boolean Algebra and logic circuits
 Simplification of Boolean functions using laws and k- maps
 Combinational logic circuits
 Sequential logic circuits
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Learning
Objectives:

Computer
Hardware

Programming
Databases
Design Computer graphics
Computing Mathematics and Digital logic
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Learning Strategy:
Computing Mathematics and Digital logic
• Taught over 1 semester (12 weeks )
• Total 12 weeks of class (1 academic semester)
• Each week consists of 1 Lecture (2 Hours) and 2
tutorials (1.5 Hours each)
– Lecture: Learn how to acquire different
mathematical skills
– Tutorial: Review and practice mathematical
problems through in-class assignments to actually
acquire them
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Recommended Text Books:

 P. Grossman
Discrete Mathematics for computing
(2nd Edition) ,Macmillan 2002

 M.Morris Mano ,Charles R.Kime

Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals
(4th Edition) Pearson Prentice-Hall 2008

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Learning Strategy:

Attendance for all classes is

important!
• Mathematics cannot be learnt by memorizing. It is
learnt through constant practice.
• We want to provide you the environment to practice
and improve quickly.

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Assessment Details:
Computing Mathematics and Digital Logic
• 2 written examinations
• All assessments on an individual basis
– Mid-term Examination (Week 7, Weightage-30 %)
– Final Examination (Week 13/14, Weithtage-70 %)

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Assessment Details:
• Module Grading Standards in the UK
Range of
Grade Remarks
Marks
Excellent: outstanding performance with only minor
70 - 100 A
errors
Very Good: above the average standard but with
60 – 69 B
some errors
Good: generally sound work with a number of
50 - 59 C
notable errors
43 - 49 D Satisfactory: fair but with significant shortcomings
40 - 42 E Sufficient: performance meets the minimum criteria
Fail: performance does not meet the minimum
0 - 39 F
criteria and considerable further work is required

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Any Questions?

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Let’s get started with Lecture 1:

An Introduction to Number Systems

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But First… Lets see some

examples of why Mathematics is
Important!

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What can we learn from these 4 videos?

• Why mathematics is important ?
• When not knowing math can cost you $15,000
• How to embarrass your math teacher?
• 10 reasons you should study math

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• Why Mathematics is Important???

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When not knowing math can cost you $15,000

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• How to embarrass your math teacher?

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• 10 reasons you should study math

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Lecture 1 Coverage:
 Number Base System
o Decimal Number System
o Binary Number System
o Octal Number System
o Hexadecimal Number System

 Number Base Conversion

 1’s and 2’s Complement
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Decimal Number System:

• Our everyday number system.
• The Base-10 number system
• It has 10 digits to show all numbers
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
• Can be expressed as the power of base 10.

• Example : 12510 or simply, 125

15010 or simply, 150

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Binary Number System:

• Computers use binary numbers and therefore use
binary digits in place of decimal digits.
• The word bit is a shortening of the words "Binary
digIT."
• bits have only two possible values: 0 and 1.

• Example: 10012, 11010012,112 etc.

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Hexadecimal Number System:

• The word "Hexadecimal" means "based on 16“

• There are 16 Hexadecimal digits

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, and E
• Example: 2E6, D13E, ABC, etc.

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In Summary..
System Base Digits Example
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 12 , 2300

Binary 2 0, 1 1002, 11011112

Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 1048, 10348, 798

Hexa- 0, 1, … 9,
16 2AE, 34816
decimal A, B, … F

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Counting (1 of 2):
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
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Counting (2 of 2):
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
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Any Questions?

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Bases Conversion:
• The conversion possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Binary to Decimal (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Binary to Decimal (2):

• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n = 0,1,2,3,……,n

– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0

on the right
– Add the results

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Binary to Decimal (3) – Example:

1010112 = ?10
Bit
“0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
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Octal to Decimal (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Octal to Decimal (2):

• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n = 0,1,2,3,……..,n

– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0

on the right
– Add the results

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Octal to Decimal (3) – Example:

7248 = ?10

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810

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Hexadecimal to Decimal (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Hexadecimal to Decimal (2)

• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n= 0,1,2,3,…….n

– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0

on the right
– Add the results

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Hexadecimal to Decimal (3)-Example

ABC16 = ?10

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

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Decimal to Binary (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Decimal to Binary (2):

• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1

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Decimal to Binary (3) – Example:

12510 = ?2
2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
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Octal to Binary (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Octal to Binary (2):

• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary
representation

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Octal to Binary (3) – Example:

7058= ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058= 1110001012

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Hexadecimal to Binary (1)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Hexadecimal to Binary (2)

• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent
binary representation

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Hexadecimal to Binary (3) – Example:

10AF16= ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112

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Decimal to Octal (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Decimal to Octal (2)

• Technique
– Divide by 8

– Keep track of the remainder

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Decimal to Octal (3) – Example:

123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228

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Decimal to Hexadecimal (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Decimal to Hexadecimal (2)

• Technique
– Divide by 16

– Keep track of the remainder

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Decimal to Hexadecimal (3) – Example:

123410 = ?16
16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
16 0 4

123410 = 4D216

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Binary to Octal (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Binary to Octal (2):

• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right

– Convert to octal digits

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Binary to Octal (3) – Example:

10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278

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Binary to Hexadecimal (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Binary to Hexadecimal (2):

• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right

– Convert to hexadecimal digits

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Binary to Hexadecimal (3) – Example:

10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16

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Octal to Hexadecimal (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Octal to Hexadecimal (2):

• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

– Group 4 bits starting from right

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Octal to Hexadecimal (3) – Example:

10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16

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Hexadecimal to Octal (1):

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Hexadecimal to Octal (2):

• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

– Group 3 bits starting from right

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Hexadecimal to Octal (3) – Example:

1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148

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Any Questions?

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Exercise – Convert and fill the table.

Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal

35
1111101
605
10A

Don’t use a calculator!

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Exercise – Answers:

Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal

35 100011 43 23
125 1111101 175 7D
389 110000101 605 185
266 000100001010 412 10A

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Fractional numbers
Decimal to binary
3.14579 = 3 + 0.14579 .14579
x 2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
11.001001.. 1.33056
etc.
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Exercise – Convert and fill the table

Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal

30.8
110.1100
5.45
F.34

Don’t use a calculator!

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Any Questions?

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2’s Complement Arithmetic:

• Is subtracting one number from another is the same as
making one number negative and adding?
• How to create negative numbers in the binary number
system?
• The 2’s Complement Process.
• How the 2’s complement process can be use to add
(and subtract) binary numbers?

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Negative Numbers?
• Digital electronics requires frequent addition and
subtraction of numbers. You know how to design an
adder, but what about a subtract-er?
• A subtract-er is not needed with the 2’s complement
process. The 2’s complement process allows you to
easily convert a positive number into its negative
equivalent.
• Since subtracting one number from another is the same
as making one number negative and adding, the need
for a subtract-er circuit has been eliminated.

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2’s Complement Process:

The steps in the 2’s Complement process are similar to
the 10’s Complement process. However, you will now
use the base two.
First, complement all of the digits in a number.
• A digit’s complement is the number you add to the digit to
make it equal to the largest digit in the base (i.e., 1 for
binary). In binary language, the complement of 0 is 1, and
the complement of 1 is 0.
Second, add 1.
• Without this step, our number system would have two
zeroes (+0 & -0), which no number system has.
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2’s Complement Examples:

5 = 00000101
 Complement Digits
11111010
+1 Add 1
-5 = 11111011

-13 = 11110011
Example #2 Complement Digits

00001100
+1 Add 1
13 = 00001101
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Using The 2’s Complement Process:

POS 9 NEG (-9)

+ POS  + 5 + POS  + 5
POS 14 NEG -4

POS 9 NEG (-9)

+ NEG  + (-5) + NEG  + (-5)
POS 4 NEG - 14

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POSITIVE + POSITIVE→ POSITIVE Answer:

If no 2s Complement is needed, use regular binary addition

9  00001001
+ 5  + 00000101
14  00001110

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POSITIVE + NEGATIVE→ POSITIVE Answer:

Take the 2’s complement of the negative number and use regular
binary addition.

9  00001001
+ (-5) + 11111011
4  1]00000100
8th Bit = 0: Answer is Positive Disregard 9 th Bit

00000101
 2’s
11111010 Complement
+1 Process
11111011
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POSITIVE + NEGATIVE→ NEGATIVE Answer:

Take the 2’s complement of the negative number and use regular
binary addition.

(-9) 11110111
+ 5  + 00000101
-4  11111100
8th Bit = 1: Answer is Negative

To Check: 11111100 00001001

Perform 2’s   2’s
Complement 00000011 11110110 Complement
On Answer +1 +1 Process
00000100 11110111
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NEGATIVE + NEGATIVE→ NEGATIVE Answer:

Take the 2’s complement of both negative numbers and use regular
binary addition.

(-9)  11110111 2’s

+ (-5)  + 11111011 Complement
-14  1]11110010 Numbers,
See
8th Bit = 1: Answer is Conversion
To Check: 11110010 Negative Process
Perform 2’s  Disregard 9th Bit In Previous
Complement 00001101
Slides

On Answer +1
00001110
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Any Questions?

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Summary: Week 1 Lecture:

 Number Base System
o Decimal Number System
o Binary Number System
o Octal Number System
o Hexadecimal Number System

 Number Base Conversion

 1’s and 2’s Complement
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What to Expect: Week 1 Tutorials

• Review and practice base conversion problems through
in-class assignments to actually acquire them
• Practice problems to know how computer performs
addition and subtraction using 2’s complement .

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Thank you

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