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DevelopmentLength 08

The document discusses development length, which is the minimum length required for a reinforcing bar to develop its design strength through bond with the surrounding concrete. It provides equations to calculate development length based on factors like bar size, concrete strength, and transverse reinforcement. The development length ensures the bar can fully contribute to the structure's moment capacity before stresses in the bar exceed its yield strength. Cutting bars at points where they are no longer needed can help optimize the moment capacity diagram.

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Zyra Zuñiga-Nañola
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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34 views

DevelopmentLength 08

The document discusses development length, which is the minimum length required for a reinforcing bar to develop its design strength through bond with the surrounding concrete. It provides equations to calculate development length based on factors like bar size, concrete strength, and transverse reinforcement. The development length ensures the bar can fully contribute to the structure's moment capacity before stresses in the bar exceed its yield strength. Cutting bars at points where they are no longer needed can help optimize the moment capacity diagram.

Uploaded by

Zyra Zuñiga-Nañola
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Development Length

CE A433 – RC Design
T. Bart Quimby, P.E., Ph.D.
Revised Spring 2009
Consider a bar embedded in a mass
of concrete
P =  * [*db2/4]

P = *[Lb**db]
db
Lb

 = P / [Lb**db] < max  = P/ [*db2/4] < max

P < max * [Lb**db] P < max * [*db2/4]

To force the bar to be the weak link: max * [Lb**db] > max * [*db2/4]
Lb > (max / max)* [db/4]
Development Length
 Ld = development length
 the shortest distance over which a bar can achieve it’s
full capacity
 The length that it takes a bar to develop its full
contribution to the moment capacity, Mn
Ld

Mn

0
Cc
Mn = (C or T)*(dist)
Ts
Steel Limit, max
 Using the bilinear assumption of ACI 318:
max = + fy

Lb > (fy / max)* [db/4]


Lb > fy * db / (4*max)
Concrete Bond Limit, max
 There are lots of things that affect max
 The strength of the concrete, f’c
 Type of concrete (normal weight or light weight)
 The amount of concrete below the bar
 The surface condition of the rebar
 The concrete cover on the bar
 The proximity of other bars transferring stress to the
concrete
 The presence of transverse steel
Concrete Strength, f’c

 Bond strength, max, tends to increase with


concrete strength.
 Experiments have shown this relationship
to be proportional to the square root of f’c.
Type of Concrete
 Light weight concrete tends to have less
bond strength than does normal weight
concrete.
 ACI 318-08 introduces a lightweight
concrete reduction factor, , on sqrt(f’c) in
some equations.
 See ACI 318-08, 8.6.1 for details
Amount of Concrete Below Bars
 The code refers to “top
bars” as being any bar
which has 12 inches or
more of fresh concrete
below the bar when the
member is poured.
 If concrete > 12” then
consolidation settlement
results in lower bond
strength on the bottom side
of the bar
 See ACI 318-08, 12.2.4(a)
Surface Condition of Rebar
 All rebar must meet ASTM requirements
for deformations that increase pullout
strength.
 Bars are often surface coated is inhibit
corrosion.
 Epoxy Coating  The major concern!
 Galvanizing
 Epoxy coating significantly reduces bond
strength
 See ACI 318-08, 12.2.4(b)
Proximity to Surface or Other Bars
 The size of the concrete “cylinder” tributary to
each bar is used to account for proximity of
surfaces or other bars. 2D 3D
Presence of Transverse Steel
 The bond transfer tends to cause a splitting plane
 Transverse steel will increase the strength of the
splitting plane.
 See text for other possible splitting locations
The ACI 318-08 Development
Length Equation (ACI 318-08 12.2)

 
 
 3 fy min( t e ,1.7) s 
Ld   d b
 40  f c min  cb  K tr ,2.5  
  d  
  b  
40 Atr
K tr 
sn
The Modifiers
 t, Modifier for reinforcement location
 1.3 for top bars, 1.0 for other bars
 e, modifier for epoxy coated bars
 1.5 when cover < 3db or clear spacing < 6db
 1.2 for other epoxy coated reinforcing
 1.0 for non-epoxy coated reinforcing
 The product, te, need not exceed 1.7
More Modifiers…
 s, Modifier for bar size
 0.8 for #6 and smaller
 1.0 for #7 and larger
 , Modifier for lightweight concrete
 ACI 318-08, 8.6.1
 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
  as low as 0.75 for the lightest weight
concrete
The Transverse Reinforcement
Index, Ktr (ACI 318-08 Eq. 12-2)
 Atr = total cross sectional area of
all transverse reinforcement which 40 Atr
is within the spacing, s, and which
crosses the potential plane of K tr 
splitting through the sn
reinforcement being developed.
 s = maximum C-C spacing of
transverse reinforcement within
the development length
 n = number of longitudinal bars
being developed along the plane
of splitting.
The outer bars are #10, the center one is #6, the others are #8
Other Development Lengths
 Development in Compression: ACI 318-08
12.3
 Development of standard hooks in tension:
ACI 318-08 12.5
 There are some very specific cover and/or
confinement requirements
 Mechanical connectors (such as bearing
plates at the beam ends) may also be used.
Effect on Moment Capacity
 Moment Capacity, Mn, is a function of “x”
 If different bars develop differently then
you need to look at the “contribution” that
each bar makes to the moment capacity
Moment Capacity Diagram
Moment Capacity

600

500

400
phiPm (ft-k)

300

200

100

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
X (in)
Cutting Bars
 The Mn diagram can be made to more closely
fit the Mu diagram by terminating or cutting bars
when they are no longer needed. (ACI 318-08
12.10.3)
Moment Capacity

600 > max(d, 12db)


> max(d, 12db)
500

400 End of #6 bar


phiPm (ft-k)

300

200 End of #8 bars


100
End of #10 bars
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
X (in)
Beam Profile Showing Bar Cutoff
Locations

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