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Principle of A Biosensor

The document discusses the principles of biosensors. It states that biosensors use an enzyme as the bio-receptor which is placed near a transducer. When an analyte interacts with the enzyme, it induces a biochemical change in the enzyme. This change is converted into an electrical signal via electroenzymatic process using the transducer. The electrical signal directly represents the measured biological material and is usually converted into a physical display that can be analyzed.

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Akanksha Desai
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413 views

Principle of A Biosensor

The document discusses the principles of biosensors. It states that biosensors use an enzyme as the bio-receptor which is placed near a transducer. When an analyte interacts with the enzyme, it induces a biochemical change in the enzyme. This change is converted into an electrical signal via electroenzymatic process using the transducer. The electrical signal directly represents the measured biological material and is usually converted into a physical display that can be analyzed.

Uploaded by

Akanksha Desai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principle of a Biosensor

The desired biological material is usually in the form of an


enzyme. By a process known as Electroenzymatic approach,
which is a chemical process of converting the enzymes into
corresponding electrical signals (usually current) with the help of
a transducer.
One of the commonly used Biological response is the oxidation of
the enzyme. Oxidation acts as a catalyst and alters the pH of the
biological material. The change in pH will directly affect the
current carrying capacity of the enzyme, which is once again, in
direct relation to the enzyme being measured.
Output of the transducer i.e. the current, is a direct
representation of the enzyme being measured.
The current is generally converted into voltage so that it can be
properly analyzed and represented.
Principle of a Biosensor

• Biosensors works on the principle of signal transduction and biorecognition of element.


• All the biological materials including-enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone, organelle
or whole cell can be used as sensor or detector in a device. But the desired bio-receptor
is usually a specific deactivated enzyme.
• The deactivated enzyme is placed in proximity to the transducer.
• The tested analyte links to the specific enzyme (bio-receptor) and inducing a change in
biochemical property of enzyme. The change in in turn gives an electronic response
through an electroenzymatic approach.
• Electroenzymatic process is the chemical process of converting the enzymes into
corresponding electrical signals with the aid of transducer.
• Now, the outcome from transducer i.e. electrical signal is a direct representation of the
biological material (i.e. analyte and enzyme in this case) being measured.
• The electrical signal is usually converted into physical display for its proper analysis and
representation.
Working of Biosensors
• The combination of biological sensitive element and a transducer will convert the biological
material into a corresponding electrical signal. Depending on the type of enzyme, the output of
the transducer will be either current or voltage.
• If the output is voltage, then well and good. But if the output is current, then this current should
be converted into equivalent voltage (using an Op-Amp based current to voltage converter)
before proceeding further.
• The output voltage signal is usually very low in amplitude and superimposed on a high frequency
noise signal. So, the signal is amplified (using an Op-Amp based Amplifier) and then passed
through a Low Pass RC Filter.
• This process of amplifying and filtering the signal is the job of a Signal Processing Unit or a Signal
Conditioning Unit. The output of the signal processing unit is an analog signal that is equivalent to
the biological quantity being measured.
• The analog signal can be displayed directly on an LCD display but usually, this analog signal is
passed to a Microcontroller, where the analog signal is converted into digital signal, since it is easy
to analyze, process or store a digital signal.

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