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Module 4: Substation Equipment's Details and Operations: July 2021

This document provides an overview of key equipment and operations in substation modules. It discusses insulators, conductors, AC and DC power supplies, earthing systems, and metering. For each topic, it describes the components, their functions, types used and maintenance checks. The document is intended to educate about the various substation components and how they are operated and maintained.

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Gundeboyina Gopi
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154 views

Module 4: Substation Equipment's Details and Operations: July 2021

This document provides an overview of key equipment and operations in substation modules. It discusses insulators, conductors, AC and DC power supplies, earthing systems, and metering. For each topic, it describes the components, their functions, types used and maintenance checks. The document is intended to educate about the various substation components and how they are operated and maintained.

Uploaded by

Gundeboyina Gopi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 4: Substation Equipment's Details And

Operations

July 2021
In this module we will discuss about
 Insulators
 Conductors
 AC Auxiliary Supply
 DC Supply & Battery Chargers
 Earthing
 Metering System
Insulators

 The metal which does not allow free movement of electrons or electric charge is called as an
insulator.
 There are different types of insulators such as suspension type, strain type, stray type, shackle,
pin type and so on.
 Insulators are used for insulation purpose while erecting electric poles with conductors to avoid
short circuit and for other insulation requirements
 A few types of insulators are shown in the figure
 Pin insulators are used in power networks up to 33 kV system.
 In higher voltage, beyond 33KV, it becomes uneconomical to use pin insulator because size, weight
of the insulator become more. Handling and replacing bigger size single unit insulator are quite
difficult task.
 For overcoming these difficulties, suspension insulator was developed.
 When suspension string is used to sustain extraordinary tensile load of conductor it is referred as
strain insulator.
 they are used where there is a dead end or sharp corner in transmission lines
 For low voltage lines, the stays are to be insulated from ground at a height. The insulator used in
the stay wire is called as the stay insulator
Operation & Maintenance:
General Checks:
Periodically all insulators should be wiped with cloth to avoid failure of insulator due to short
circuits, Special inspections should be made for insulators i.e.
1.Hot Line Inspection/Bare Hand inspection
2.Thermograph inspection (For detecting Hot Spots)
Irrespective of these inspections, Daily Visual checks should be carried out for any abnormal
chipping out of insulators, Hair Line Cracks etc......
Conductors
 The material or object that obeys the electrical property conductance (mostly made of metals
such as aluminium and copper) and that allows the flow of electric charge is called conductor.
 These are used for the transmission of power or electrical energy from one place (generating
station) to another place (consumer point where power is consumed by the loads) through
substations.
Types of conductors were as follows:
AAC     : All Aluminium conductors.
AAAC   : All Aluminium Alloy conductors
ACSR   : Aluminium conductors, Steel-Reinforced
ACAR   : Aluminium conductor, Alloy-Reinforced
 AAC has lesser strength and more sag per span length than any other category. Therefore, it is
used for lesser span.
 AAAC has same construction as AAC except the alloy. Its strength is equal to ACSR but due to
absence of steel it is light in weight. Due to stronger tensile strength than AAC, it is used for
longer spans.
 ACAR is cheaper than AAAC but pro to corrosion.
 ACSR is used for longer spans keeping sag minimum.
 
Used at Stranding & Wire Dia

Aluminium Steel Current


Conductor
Capacity
No. Dia No. Dia

Moose PSS 61 3.45 0 0 855


Panther 33KV Lines 37 3.30  0  0 535 
WOLF 33 KV Lines 32 2.7 0 0 365
Moose 220KV Lines 33  4.442  0   0  855

Operation & Maintenance:

General Checks:

Visual inspections should be made on periodical basis for

 Any fraying of conductors


 Check the jointing b/w incoming & outgoing conductors were in good condition
 Check the condition of jumpers for any burning/frayed strands.
 Check the Sag in between poles If any abnormality observed take necessary action.
DC Supply & Battery Chargers

 For controlling various operations of substation equipment, suitable D.C. supply is required.
 In battery charger panel, A.C. 1 phase or 3 phases is given, which converts A.C. to D.C. supply.
This D.C. supply is given to various control panels of substation ,for charging the batteries and
D.C. Distribution Board (DCDB).
 In case of A.C. supply failure, batteries provide D.C. supply for controlling the operations of
substation equipment in normal or abnormal conditions.
 Battery capacity is expressed in Ampere Hours which is equal to the product of the specified
discharge current in amperes multiplied by the number of hours before the battery discharges
to the specified extent.
Name Plate Details of Battery Charger:

Input Voltage(415 V+/- 10%) Frequency (50 HZ)


Output Float Boost

Voltage 242 V Dc max. 253 V Dc max.

Current 20 A DC max. 30 A DC max.


Operation & Maintenance:
General Checks:
 Batteries should be cleaned regularly.

 Cell voltages to be recorded as per schedule.


 Do not disturb any connection with charger on, as there is risk of sparking.
 Tighten connections periodically. Apply petroleum jelly to terminals to prevent corrosion.
 Do not short circuit the battery terminals. Do not tamper the safety valve of the cell
 Check the ambient temperature of battery room & temperature of Individual cell by touching with
bare hand.
 Check the working of FLOAT & BOOST Chargers &Ensure their respective voltages as per the
manufacturer.
Earthing
 One of the important aspects in the operation of the protective equipment is proper
earthing.
 Earthing also increases the reliability of the supply service as it helps to provide stability of
voltage conditions, prevent excessive voltage peaks during disturbances .
 It provides protection against Lightning. For outdoor substation, a main earthing ring should
be provided round the substation which should be connected to all earth electrodes. The
ring should be laid so as to have shortest connection from transformers, circuit breakers etc.
Types of Earthing:
 Neutral Earthing: Deals with the earthing of system neutral to ensure that neutral points
are held at earth potential and return path is available to neutral current.
Points to be earthed: Transformer neutral is to be earthed to two separate earth pits.
 Equipment Earthing: Deals with earthing of non-current carrying parts of equipment to
ensure safety to personnel & protection against lightning.
Points to be earthed: All non-current carrying metallic parts of equipment, structures,
enclosures, overhead shielding wires, flanges of bushings, cores of transformer,
cable sheaths, earthed screens, pipes, portable appliances, fences, doors, screens.
 
 IEEE 80 is the reference or guide for safety alternative current substation grounding
DESIGN CRITERIA: -
The earth mat shall be designed by considering the following criteria.

 Earthing system shall be designed for maximum fault current level (KA) at switchyard area without
exceeding any operating and equipment limits or adversely affecting continuity of service and within
the vicinity of grounded facilities is not exposed to the danger of critical electric shock.
 The grid resistance shall be less than 2 ohms for 33kv switchyards, 1 ohm for 132&220kv
switchyards, 0.5 ohm for 400kv switchyard.
 Touch and step potential shall be within tolerable limits.
 Individual earth electrode should be designed in such a way that earth resistance of each electrode
is less than 3 ohms.
 Equipment earthing conductor sizes shall be as per required fault current levels (KA), fault clearing
time.
Metering System

 The Power in electrical circuit is measured by energy meter. Energy is the total power consumed
 over a certain period and is measured in kilowatt-hour (KWH).
 Energy meter records Import / Export energy parameters. These Energy meters were fed by metering
 CT’s &PT’s.
 Basic Energy meter in substation is six quadratic electrometer which registers
Following parameters
 P+
 P-
 Q ind (if P+)
 Q ind (if P-)
 Q cap (if P+)
 Q cap (if P-)
Operation & Maintenance:

  General Checks: 
 Periodical Calibration should be done for these energy meters and reports should be
documented.
 Meter housing panels should keep clean & tidy.
 Metering panels should be water proof & air tight.
 Metering seals should not be tampered without proper authorisation.
Thank You

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