Classifications of

Communication
Communication can be classified according to:

1. Purpose and Style

2. Mode
3. Context
Types of Communication According to Mode

1. Verbal
2. Non-verbal
3. Visual
What is verbal communication?
Verbal Communication refers to the use of
words in relaying a message either in oral or
written modes.
Factors to consider in effective verbal communication:

1. Volume – loudness of our voice when we speak

2. Pitch – highness or lowness of voice
3. Rate – speed in speaking
4. Pauses – brief silences in speech
5. Articulation – production of the specific sounds to distinguish one aural symbol
from the other. (clearness of words)
6. Pronunciation – correctness of how sound is produced according to the accepted
standards of language
Qualities of an Effective Speaking Voice

1. Voice quality – referred to as the timber or tone color of the

voice.

2. Intelligibility – articulacy or understandability of the speakers

voice. (loudness, syllable duration, pronunciation
and vocal stress)

3. Variety – flexibility of the speaker’s voice. (rate, pitch, volume/

force, emphasis)
Exercises for Vocal Quality, Intelligibility, and Variety

Voice quality – a. Improve Breathing Control

b. Improve the Quality of the Tone
Intelligibility –
A. To achieve the proper level of loudness
1. Say “You have to do it.”
a. in a normal conversation with a friend.
b. in a classroom filled with students
c. in the auditorium filled with all graduating students
B. To apply the right syllable duration considering the speaker’s feeling
or purpose
1. Read the following sentences with matter-of-factly, then with deep feeling.
a. You are the most wonderful thing that happened in my life.
b. I admit I was wrong but it was all your fault.
c. It was a very pleasurable experience.
2. Say the words rapidly for they indicate rapid ideas
A. Stop him! B. Hold him!
C. Pin his arms! D. Look out for a kick!
3. Reach each word or phrase with proper syllable duration.
a. Crawling b. as wide as the sea c. eternal waiting
C. To increase distinctness of articulation
D. To encourage acceptable pronunciation

adage depot lettuce voucher gesture

jewelry ambianceeither route tortoise
margarine coupon eyebrow denouement Luke
subtle epitome stewardess debris country
Calm suite genuine affidavit ASIA
debut almond flammable indigent etcetera
3. Variety – flexibility of the speaker’s voice. (rate, pitch, volume/force,
emphasis)
A. Rate
1. Vary the rate as you say the word “Oh” in the manner indicated.
a. Questioningly
b. Agonizingly
c. Humbly
d. Exasperatedly
2. Say “The dean is going to see you this afternoon,” in the following ways.
e. Threateningly b. casually c. happily d. doubtfully
B. Pitch
Speak the first words of the following passage in a low voice.
Gradually raise the pitch of your voice as your excitement increases.

There is no way. I couldn’t face myself if I did what you suggest. It is

impossible, utterly impossible. You can’t expect it of me– you can’t. I
won’t do it. I’ll never do it. Never! Never! Never!
C. Force or Volume
1. Say this sentence, “I have said this before and I’ll say it again – No Vacancy!” in
the following manner:
A. As a straightforward remark using an expelling force
B. Explosively, uncontrollably angry
C. With deep controlled emotion, applying force gradually but firmly.

D. Emphasis
a. Did Cristina get the highest grade in Algebra?
b. Did Cristina get the highest grade in Algebra?
c. Did Cristina get the highest grade in Algebra?
d. Did Cristina get the highest grade in Algebra?
7 C’s of Effective Communication

1. Completeness - message contains all the information needed

2. Conciseness – ex. “In my mind, I think, this proposition will
work to our advantage.”
- This proposition is advantageous for us.
3. Consideration – taking account the audiences’ needs and
welfare
4. Clarity – readers/listeners should understand every
component of the message
5. Concreteness – specific use of words when speaking/writing
6. Courtesy – message conveys a positive tone and promote
goodwill to the readers/listeners
7. Correctness – message should observe accurate and
appropriate language
  
Clarity
Consideratio
Concreteness
n

Conciseness Courtesy

Effective
Completenes
Communicatio Correctness
s
n
 Effective Listening for Effective Communication
Active Listening involves the following elements:
1. Decoding
2. Interpreting
3. Comprehending
4. Decision-making
5. Giving Feedback

Techniques for Improving Listening Skills

George Bell offers a simple technique: AIM
6. Attention
7. Interest
8. Motivation
 Effective Listening for Effective Communication

Listener Interference – (Griffin) refers to things that

prevent the listener from listening effectively.

1. Lengthy Speeches
2. Use of highly technical or formal language
3. Differences between speaker and audience

 
What is Nonverbal Communication?
Nonverbal Communication – process of communication through sending
and receiving wordless messages.

Purposes of bodily actions:

1. To substitute for words

2. To reinforce words and voice
3. To create feeling states for himself and his listeners
Nonverbal Forms

1. Physical Appearance 1. Time

2. Eye Contact 2. Geographic location
3. Facial Expression 3. Silence
4. Posture 4. Object language
5. Gestures 5. Tactile Communication
6. Proxemics 6. Paralanguage
Visual communication
- By definition, it is the practice of graphically representing
information to efficiently, effectively create meaning. There are many
types of content in the realm of visual communication, with examples
including infographics, interactive content, motion graphics, visual
puns, signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, diagrams,
pictograms, drawings and illustrations, and even various forms of
electronic communication.
Visual Puns - is a pun involving an image or images. Visual puns in which
the image is at odds with the inscription are common in cartoons such as Lost
Consonants or The Far Side as well as in Dutch gable stones.

While a verbal pun is defined as a humorous phrase that suggests two or

more meanings by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-
sounding words, a visual pun suggests that a visual may have two or more
meanings, in addition to or instead of language.

A pun is a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of an image and

word or the fact that there are words which sound alike but have different
meanings.
“I-pod”
“eggplant”
“The King of Pop”
“Dr. Pepper”
Sleeping Pill
“but on second thought”
“one in a million”
“history
repeats
itself”
“fooling around”
 Types of Communication according to context

Communication as a term takes on different contexts resulting in

people having different views on communication types.

Context is the circumstance or environment in which

communication takes place. Circumstance may include;
- Physical or actual setting
- Value positions of a speaker/listener
- Relevance or appropriateness of a message conveyed
Types of Communication according to context

1. Intrapersonal Communication
- communication within oneself
- also known as self-talk, inner monologue or self-verbalization

2. Interpersonal Communication
- communication between two or more people
- can be classified according to number of participants involved namely: dyad,
small group and public communication
3. Extended Communication
- involves the use of electronic media.
- also known as computer-mediated communication

4. Organizational Communication
- focuses on the role that communication plays in organizational contexts
Two types of organizational structure
a. Formal Structure
b. Informal Structure
A. Formal Structure –defines who one should communicate with for a particular issue
or how one should communicate.

Types of Formal Structure

1. Downward Communication - is the flow of information and messages
from a higher level inside an organization to a lower one.
Example. manager to employee
2. Upward Communication - is the line of communication through which
subordinates can convey information, to their seniors.
Example: employee to manager.
3. Horizontal Communication - also called lateral communication, involves the
flow of messages between individuals and groups on the same level of an
organization.
Example: Communication among different managers of different departments.

4. Crosswise Communication - takes place when people working at the same

level interact with those working at a higher or lower-level of organizational
hierarchy and across the boundaries of their reporting relationships.
Example: For example, if the subordinates of production department report to
the supervisor of marketing department.
B. Informal Structure
– comes from unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as
‘grapevine’ (gossip) messages coming from the different levels of the
organization are transmitted.
- occurs due to dissatisfaction of some employees

5. Intercultural communication
- occurs between or among people having different linguistic, ethnic,
social, religious, gender, and professional backgrounds