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Forebay

A forebay tank is located at the downstream end of the water conductor system between the power canal and penstock. It has two main functions: to provide adjustment of turbine discharge according to load demand and provide stored water to permit water level control of turbine operation. The forebay tank facilitates the adjustment of turbine discharge due to system load changes by diverting surplus flow over an escape weir back into the river. It also acts as a buffer to adjust for errors in turbine setting and actual inflow, helping to keep forebay water levels within a prescribed range. The design of a forebay involves calculating the required storage volume and dimensions based on factors like penstock diameter, flow rate, and detention time.

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Kamal Katwal
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94 views10 pages

Forebay

A forebay tank is located at the downstream end of the water conductor system between the power canal and penstock. It has two main functions: to provide adjustment of turbine discharge according to load demand and provide stored water to permit water level control of turbine operation. The forebay tank facilitates the adjustment of turbine discharge due to system load changes by diverting surplus flow over an escape weir back into the river. It also acts as a buffer to adjust for errors in turbine setting and actual inflow, helping to keep forebay water levels within a prescribed range. The design of a forebay involves calculating the required storage volume and dimensions based on factors like penstock diameter, flow rate, and detention time.

Uploaded by

Kamal Katwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Forebay

 A forebay tank is normally located at the downstream end of the water


conductor system and provides a transition between the power canal and
penstock.
 Function These are two main functions:
• Provide for adjustment of turbine discharge according to load demand.
• Provide a volume of stored water to permit water level control of
turbine operation.
Flow adjustment: the forebay tank and escape weir facilitate the adjustment of
turbine discharge due to system load changes by diverting surplus flow over the
escape weir back into the river. Normally in this mode of operation requires that
canal flow be greater than plant demand flow.

Water level control: For small hydro plants connected to the grid it is convenient
to match turbine output to available flow, thereby maximizing use of available
water. This is achieved by means of a water level control system whereby the
turbine load is adjusted to equalize available flow in the power canal with turbine
flow. The forebay tank acts as a buffer to adjust for errors in turbine setting and
actual inflow into the forebay tank. This requires that water levels be measured in
the forebay tank and tailrace and transmitted in real time to the turbine governor
which adjusts turbine output (and flow) so as to keep forebay water levels within
a prescribed water level range.
Design of Forebay
Step i. Storage volume of Water
The live storage volume of the forebay tank should be determined according to the
response characteristics of the turbine governors. Normally a volume of Qp×120 m3 (or
two minutes at (Qp= maximum plant flow) will be satisfactory for mechanical governors.

i.e Volume (Vstorage = Qp×t m3 )


Qp = Discharge in penstock m3/s
t = detention time sec (generally 2 minutes)
Step ii. Height of submergence
•whichever
  is greater
Where,
hs = height of submergence
Vp = velocity of flow in penstock
Dp = Diameter of penstock

Step iii. Total Height of Forebay


h = freeboard + height of submergence (hs)+ diameter of penstock
(Dp)+ Settling depth
Assume, Freeboard = 1m (1.5 exceptional) and minimum settling
depth = 300 mm (1 m exceptional case)
•Step
  iv. Calculate area of Forebay:
Assume, L/B = 2 to 6
Area of Forebay (Af) = Vstorage /height of forebay(h)

Calculate respective length (L) and Breadth (B)


Step v. Check for down surge
Zdown surge = VP
Where, Vp = Velocity of penstock
Ap = Area of penstock
Lp = Length of Penstock
Af = Area of Forebay
For acceptable condition, h≥ Zdown surge
•Step
  vi. Check for length of forebay
Length of Forebay > Length of Spillway provided in forebay

Where, C is crest shape factor, take 1.7 for sharp crested weir
H is head over crest, take 0.5m.

Step vii. Limiting velocity, Vlim>0.2m/s


Where,
He = Total height of forebay – Settling depth - Freeboard
B= Width of forebay
• Design a forebay, for a hydropower having a penstock pipe of
diameter 2.5m, drawing 1.8m3/s discharge and 700m length. If the
required detention time is 2.5 min.
Assignment:
Differentiate between Forebay and Surge tank on the basis of function,
components and location?
• Design forebay, for a hydropower having three penstock pipe of
diameter 1.75 m, carrying 1.5m3/sec and 525m length each.

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