Aspect
By 2nd Group :
1. Ista Oktavia
2. Reka Nutri Pangka
Guided By : Miss Andini, M.Pd
Definition of aspect
Aspect is both grammatical and lexical ; it is expresse
d in predicates, especially in v erb inflections and coll
ocations of verbs.
Example
: It’s beggining to break, / It’s breaking, / it
broke, / it’s Broken.
Generic and Spesific Predic
ation
Generic is the statements about things that we can not change.
1a) Two and two make four.
1b) Rabbits are rodents.
1c). The Atlantic Ocean separates Africa and South America.
1d) A stitch in time saves nine.
Sentences 1a–d are ‘eternal truths,’ statements about things th
at we
do not expect to change. They report unbounded situations, or
states.
Non generic predication
Non-Generic is statement about things or situation w
e can change. a non generic sentence is one expressi
ng an opposed of regularity.
Examples :
a.Stella seems happy.
b.I have a stomachache
Stative predicates and dynamic
predicates
Stative : The sentences who never know how many ti
me or the sentence that we do not know how long t
he duration is running
a.Geisha arrived here
b.The company started manufacturing silicon chips
Dynamic : The sentences that we just know the timin
g from begin to ending.
a.Something moved
b.Employes are working 8 hours/day
The conclusion :
• Stative : The sentences who never know how many
time or the sentence that we do not know how lon
g the duration is running.
• Dynamic : The sentences that we just know the timi
ng from begin to ending.
Durative and punctual
These refer to situations which are not conceived of
as lasting in time (punctual), versus situations which
are conceived of as lasting for a certain period of tim
e, however short it may be (durative).
Telic and Atelic
• Telic means "having an end".Telic verbs describe actions with a clear
, foreseeable end.
• Example:
"She built a house. He drank a cup of coffee. I ran home.“
• Atelic is the sentence are carried out and have a result. Actually, no
sentence or activities that no results but here stated that Atelic is s
omething existing activities have goal but the goal like often activity
but that doesntmean we do things that are included what we like.
• Example
"George was waiting -Sandra was holding the baby. Sandra was swim
ming-George was running"
• The predicates do not have an end or a goal; they are atelic.
Predicates of location
a. The lamp is on the table.
b. Some oranges are in that basket.
c. Donald is at the door.
In these sentences on, in and at are two-argument pr
edicates. Other
locative prepositions such as above, beside, near, nex
t-to, and under
are also two-argument prpredicates.They are all loca
tive predicates..
Predicates of possession
Similar to locative expressions are expressions of possession.
"Eleanor has/owns a car."
We express the ingressive, continuative, and egressive aspect
s of
the possessing with the verbs illustrated in the next group of
sentences.
a. Eleanor gets/acquires a car. [inception]
b. Eleanor keeps the car. [duration]
c. Eleanor loses/gives up the car. [termination]
Some 3-argument predicates express a change of possession.
Predicates of cognition
A third group of stative verbs expresses various aspects of knowin
g.
They are cognition predicates.
"Jeffrey knows/is-aware-of the answer."
Again there are ways of telling the beginning, middle and end of
this situation.
a. Jeffrey learns/finds/gets the answer.
b. Jeffrey remembers the answer.
c. Jeffrey forgets the answer.
And there are verbs that express the causing of Jeffrey’s knowing.
Event predicates
Just as concrete entities have location in space, event
s are located in time, as the next sentences illustrate.
Example :
"The meeting is at 2:00."
Nouns and adjectives as pre
dicates
A predication may consist of be and a noun phrase or
adjective phrase,
indicating some role, condition or status.
a. Phyllis is a physicist.
b. We were awfully tired.
There are lexical verbs that express the initiation a
nd the continuance
of such statuses, but none that express the terminati
on.
Aspectual verbs
Aspectual verbs (called aspectualizers by some schola
rs) which express some aspect of an event.
An event, by definition, has duration
Example:
• The meeting is beginning now.
• The game went on for hours.
Prospective and retrospecti
ve
• Prospective verbs; they are ori • retrospective verbs. Are
ented toward later happenings
.
Verbs like apologize and
Example :
deny.
"Tata is thinking of visiting her g • Example :
randmother." • Edgar apologized for mi
• The prospective illustrate a pr ssing the meeting. (o
ospective form.
r,....for having missed th
They are to leave.
e meeting)
Are we to wait here?
This form, be+to+verb expresses
a ‘looking forward’;
The perfect or retrogressiv
e
They have left illustrates a verb structure which is tra
ditionally called
‘present perfect.’ A better term might be present retr
ospective form.
Whatever the name, for any verb it consists of two p
arts, a form of
have and the past participle of the verb.
The progressive
The progressive form indicates that the activity predi
cated is distributed over a perio d of time with an im
plied end point, but it need not be distributed contin
uously over
that time.
progressive form: They’re arriving tomorrow, The sh
op is opening next week, Mr
Edwards is retiring in May.
