BKF 1513 ENGINEERING ETHICS &

PROFESSIONALISM

Chapter 1
Engineering Overview

SITI NORAISHAH ISMAIL

Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Natural Resources
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
(Hp No: 017-7598834)
 Let’s start!
What is
Engineering
ethic?
What is
Engineering
Engineer?
Skills

Branches of
Engineering
Future
challenges of
engineer

Professionalism
Ice breaking activities
 Is chemical engineering your preferred
course?
 Name one of the engineering disciplines
other than chemical engineering.
 What is engineering?
 What do engineers do?
 What is chemical engineering?
 Where do chemical engineers work?
TOPIC OUTCOME (TO)

 Explain the roles of engineer

 Identify the main branches of
engineering
 Describe the possible career path of a
chemical engineer
History of engineering
The Beginnings of Engineering: Ancient
time
 Change from nomadic life (hunter/gatherers)
 Agrarian Society (agriculture)
 forms the basis of civilization
 cultivate plants - the need for increased food
production
 domesticate animals - for food and work
 build permanent houses in community group
A Ruler makes laws that
stabilize community
The Beginnings of life land
Engineering: ancient time
ownership

 The results of Government:

organize work force
beginnings of a class
society
Supervisors
Foremen
Workers – artisans (the first
engineer)
 Development of a
system of symbols
Early achievement- for written
communications

ancient time
Mixing different
kinds of metals
could make better
tools.

People learn how to

shape soft metals
into tools.

People discovered
how to use rocks as
tools.
People discovered
methods of
producing fire at will
Major engineering project and invention-
ancient time

Irrigation Animal-, The wheel

systems water-, and axle
to and wind-
promote driven
crop machines.
growth
 Engineering in Early Civilizations
– Pyramid
• 2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons
each) used to build the Great
Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu
• Outstanding examples of
engineering skills in land
measurement and building layout
-transit and level
• Irrigation systems
– Aqueducts for water supply
– Sanitary systems
– Engineering principles applies to
military tactics
– Dykes, canals & drainage system
Engineering in the Middle Ages (1st to 16th
Centuries)
 After the fall of Roman Empire
 The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word
ingeniare, “to design or devise”
 Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the power
source Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and optics
 Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became part of the
culture
 Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom
and spinning wheel, and gunpowder
 Fortress
• Thick walls, tall towers, an encircling wide
• ditch spanned by a single bridge
 Machines
• Wind mill
• Ship building

The Revival of Science
 Leonardo da Vinci (Italian) -> artist, architect &
experimental scientist: conceptual design
 Galileo (Italian) -> astronomer & physics: telescope &
law of falling body (Gravitational acceleration)
 Robert Boyle (Irish) -> chemist & physics: compression
& expansion of air
 Robert Hooke (English) -> experimental scientist: theory
of elasticity
 Sir Isaac Newton (English) -> scientist & mathematician:
calculus + light + colour + law of universal gravitational
Beginnings of the modern science
Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of
electrical current, leading to the science of
electrodynamics

Michael Faraday found the means to generate

electricity by moving a conductor through a
magnetic field

James Watt refines and produces an efficient

steam engine

At last good iron for machines and power

plants to operate the machinery
 20th Century Technology
 Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and
mass production emerges
 Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft
 Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic
chemists and chemical engineer researchers at
duPont to develop NYLON the first of many
“synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer
research
 Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 scientists
from Europe and the United States at the
University of Chicago produce the first nuclear
pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction
begins.
20th Century Technology
John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s
Moore School of Engineering develop the first
computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30
tons and occupied over 1500 square feet.
Communication Satellites - now handle more than
half of all transoceanic telephone, television and
audio network program distribution
 And the list goes ON AND
ON
AND

ON
20th Century Engineering Advancement

1. American Society of Civil Engineers (1852)

2. American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and
Petroleum Engineers (1871)
3. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1880)
4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(1884)
5. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (1908)
6. Institute of Chemical Engineers, UK (1922)
What is Engineering?
 Engineering is………….
1. The application of science to the common purpose of life.--Count
Rumford (1799)
2. The art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the
use and convenience of man.--Thomas Tredgold (1828)
3. The art of organizing and directing men and controlling the
forces and materials of nature for the benefit of the human
race.--Henry G. Stott (1907)
4. The science of economy, of conserving the energy, kinetic and
potential, provided and stored up by nature for the use of man. It
is the business of engineering to utilize this energy to the best
advantage, so that there may be the least possible waste.--
Willard A. Smith (1908)
5. The practice of safe and economic application of the scientific
laws governing the forces and materials of nature by means of
organization, design and construction, for the general benefit of
mankind. --S. E. Lindsay (1920)
6. An activity other than purely manual and physical work which brings about
the utilization of the materials and laws of nature for the good of humanity.--
R. E. Hellmund (1929)
7. The science and art of efficient dealing with materials and forces ... it
involves the most economic design and execution ... assuring, when
properly performed, the most advantageous combination of accuracy,
safety, durability, speed, simplicity, efficiency, and economy possible for the
conditions of design and service.--J. A. L. Waddell, Frank W. Skinner, and
H. E. Wessman (1933)
8. The professional and systematic application of science to the efficient
utilization of natural resources to produce wealth.--T. J. Hoover and J. C. L.
Fish (1941)
9. The activity characteristic of professional engineering is the design of
structures, machines, circuits, or processes, or of combinations of these
elements into systems or plants and the analysis and prediction of their
performance and costs under specified working conditions.--M. P. O'Brien
(1954)
10. The conscious application of science to the problems of economic
production.--H. P. Gillette (1910)
11. The art or science of utilizing, directing or instructing others in the utilization
of the principles, forces, properties and substance of nature in the
production, manufacture, construction, operation and use of things ... or of
means, methods, machines, devices and structures .--Alfred W. Kiddle
(1920)
12. The profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural
sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment
to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature
for the benefit of mankind.--Engineers Council for Professional
Development (1961/1979)
13. The professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of
natural resources to the benefit of man.--Ralph J. Smith (1962)
14. It is not merely knowing and being knowledgeable, like a walking
encyclopedia; engineering is not merely analysis; engineering is not merely
the possession of the capacity to get elegant solutions to non-existent
engineering problems; engineering is practicing the art of the organized
forcing of technological change ... Engineers operate at the interface
between science and society .--Dean Gordon Brown; Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (1962)
15. The story of civilization is, in a sense, the story of engineering - that
long and arduous struggle to make the forces of nature work for man's
good.--L. Sprague DeCamp (1963)
16. The art or science of making practical.--Samuel C. Florman (1976)
 What is Engineering ?- the simplified
definition

 is a discipline concerning…
 “ the creative application of scientific knowledge to analyse,
design, construct and operate the products and services of
societal needs;
 with full cognizance of the environment, sustainable
development and foremost the safety, health and welfare to
human life.“
07/25/2021 Siti Noraishah Ismail 24
A more formal definition…..

“Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the

mathematical and natural sciences gained by study,
experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to
develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and
forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.”
The Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET)

Math + Sc

+
Benefit of mankind

Judgement +
Nature Economic
Who is an engineer….?
 Who is an engineer?

“An engineer shall mean a person who, by reason of his

special knowledge and use of mathematical, physical, and
engineering sciences and the principles and methods of
engineering analysis and design, acquired by education
and experience, is qualified to practice engineering.”
National Council of Engineering Examiners

thus… an engineer turns ideas into reality through

invention and innovation
Professional engineers
Professional engineers demonstrate a personal
and professional commitment to society, to their
profession, and to the environment.
 ENGINEERING COUNCIL UK
“Scientist discovers that which exists. An
engineer creates that which never was”
(Theodore von Karman (1881-1963)
 Engineers are not ....
Scientists, who
 aims to discover new knowledge, whether useful or
not. The engineer strives to put knowledge, old or
new, to work efficiently for the needs of mankind.
 primarily uses mathematical and physical sciences to
acquire new knowledge, whereas the engineer applies
the knowledge to design and develop usable devices,
structures, and processes. In other words, the
scientist seeks to know, the engineer aims to do.
 Scientists and engineers are dependent on one
another. Their functions, such as research, frequently
overlap. The engineer often conducts research, but
with a definite purpose in mind.
Engineering

Scientific
Societal need
knowledge
Engineers are not ....

Technicians, who are

 responsible for performing the work while

engineers are responsible for determining what
work is to be performed. Technicians and
engineers are also dependent on one
another…..their technical tasks are to assist
engineers.
 Depth of Knowledge Required

Complex Problems Broadly Defined Problems Well defined Problems

(Engineer) (Engineering Technologist) (Engineering Technician)

Can be solved
Requires in-depth
Requires using limited
knowledge that
knowledge of theoretical
allows a
principles and knowledge, but
fundamentals-based
applied procedures normally requires
first principles
or methodologies extensive practical
analytical approach
knowledge
Chemical Engineer vs Chemical Engineering
Technologist vs Technician
Chemical Technician/
Chemical
Engineering Assistance to
Engineering
Technologist the Engineers

Developing a new
Monitor the
drug for XX Working on the
manufacturing
Pharmaceuticals instruments
system
Company

Program the Setting up

Patent the new drug
machines experiments

Maintain the
Put the new drug into manufacturing
Collecting data
mass production systems are working
well

Working with other

Replace the
engineers to develop
chemicals needed to
an automatic system
manufacture the
to manufacture the
drug
drug
The engineering process

IDEA ….. while interacting with people & environment

Mathematics & Sciences

• study
+ • experience
creativity / judgement / common sense • practice
TECHNOLOGY….. PRODUCT OR SERVICE

Communication

SOCIETY
Important attributes/skills of an engineer
1. Analytical skills
2. Practical ingenuity
3. Creativity
4. Communication & teamwork skills
5. Business & management skills
6. High ethical standards
7. Professionalism
8. Leadership, including bridging public policy and technology
9. Dynamism/agility/resilience/flexibility
10. Lifelong learners

( adopted from “The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century”)
UMP Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
Program Outcome/ Student Attributes Upon
Graduation
 PO1 Engineering Knowledge
 PO2 Problem Analysis
 PO3 Design/Development of Solutions
 PO4 Investigation
 PO5 Modern Tool Usage
 PO6 The Engineer and Society
 PO7 Environment and Sustainability
 PO8 Ethics
 PO9 Communication
 PO10 Individual and Team Work
 PO11 Life-long Learning
 PO12 Project management and finance
Job functions of an engineer

 Research
 Development
 Design
 Production and Testing
 Construction
 Operations
 Sales
 Management
 Consulting
 Teaching & Training
 Banking and Finance

Engineering education

 BSc  professional practice

 BSc  MSc  professional practice
 academic career / researcher
 BSc  MSc  PhD  professional
practice
 academic career/
researcher

– Academic career / professional practice can be

combined
 Studying engineering
- rewards & opportunities -
 Job Satisfaction
 Variety of Career Opportunities
 Challenging Work
 Intellectual Development
 Potential to Benefit Society
 Financial Security
 Prestige
 Professional Environment
 Technological and Scientific Discovery
 Creative Thinking

Source : Studying Engineering (Discovery Press, 1995)

Further info : Employment survey of engineers 2002
(extracted from IEM publication)
Future challenges of engineering

 Global warming
 Sustainable development
 Environment
 Infrastructure
 Human health and welfare
 Education and training
 Globalization of economy
 Engineering ethics
BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 Engineers are classified into various fields of

specializations or disciplines based on the type
of problems they solve.
 Basic engineering fields
– Civil engineering
– Mechanical engineering
– Electrical engineering
– Chemical engineering
 Other specializations???
BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 Electrical Engineering
➔
Power generation, transmission & distribution
➔
Electronics
➔
Communication
➔
Instrument & measurement
➔
Automatic control
➔
Computer
BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 Mechanical Engineering
➔
Transportation
➔
Machines for industry
➔
Marine
 BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING
 Civil Engineering
➔
Structure
➔
Construction
➔
Transportation
➔
Geo-technical
➔
Water Resources
➔
Environment
 BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 Chemical Engineering
➔
Chemical Reaction /catalysis
➔
Heat Transfer
➔
Mass Transfer
➔
Process Control
➔
Process Economics
➔
Separation n Purification
Areas of further specialization

Petroleum Engineering
Mechatronic engineering
Materials engineering
Agricultural Engineering
Architectural engineering
Biomedical Engineering
Ceramic Engineering
Computer Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Manufacturing Engineering
Mining and Geological Engineering
Nuclear Engineering ...
07/25/2021 Siti Noraishah Ismail 53
What Is Chemical Engineering?
 The American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(AIChE) defines the profession as:

“The profession in which a knowledge of the

mathematics, chemistry and natural sciences
gained by study, experience and practice is
applied with judgement to develop ways to utilize
economically, the materials and energy for the
benefit of mankind”

(adopted from www.aiche.org)

What Is Chemical Engineering?
 In general, it is an engineering discipline
with deep roots in the world of atoms,
molecules, and molecular
transformations.

 The focus of chemical engineering has

always been industrial processes that
change the physical state or chemical
composition of materials.
 Chemical Engineering:
1. Engineering that directly dealing with and involving chemicals.
2. Industrialized or mechanized application of producing something from
or using chemical
3. changing raw materials into useful products you use everyday in a
safe and cost effective way.

 Chemical Engineer:
1. Person who is doing and practising chemical engineering in any
positions.
2. Help manage resources, protect the environment and control health
and safety procedures, while developing the processes that make the
products we desire or depend on

(adopted from www.icheme.org)

 Chemical engineering was the first engineering profession to
recognize the integral relationship between design and
manufacture, and this recognition has been one of the major
reasons for its success.

Mass
production
Career Prospect:
What Do Chemical Engineers Do?
 Process design engineer (design, construction of plants)
 Production engineer (operate and optimise plants)
 Environmental engineer (recover useable materials,
reduce waste, pollution control)
 Lecturer (lectures students in the field)
 Research and development engineer (seeks new and
more efficient ways of using and producing products)
 Sales and marketing engineer (solving production and
process problems, sell chemicals, equipment)
 Project engineer (oversees design and construction of
facilities)
(adopted from www.icheme.org)
Industries:
Where do Chemical Engineers Work?
Chemical engineers can work in a wide variety of industries:
 Paper and pulp
 Plastics
 Cleaning agents
 Toiletries
 Perfume
 Medical
 Mines (gold, platinum, coal)
 Food (eg chocolates)
 Petrochemicals (petrol, diesel)
 Pharmaceuticals
 Ceramics and glass
 Research and development
 Banking Law (patent law, technology transfers)
(adopted from www.icheme.org)
 CONCLUSION

THE WELL ROUNDED ENGINEER

“The engineers have the potential to become
a mastermind from which they are being
a pure technology-oriented source of
expertise to that of a more rounded person
able to confront both technological and
social systems issues”