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Memory: Models and Research Methods

The document discusses models and research methods related to memory. It covers: 1. Definitions of memory as the means to retain past experiences and use that information presently. Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval processes. 2. Common memory tasks like recall, recognition, implicit vs explicit, and those measuring procedural knowledge. 3. Influential models of memory like the multi-store model dividing memory into sensory, short-term and long-term stores, and the levels-of-processing model. 4. Components of working memory like the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, and their roles in maintaining and processing information temporarily. 5. Taxonom

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
540 views31 pages

Memory: Models and Research Methods

The document discusses models and research methods related to memory. It covers: 1. Definitions of memory as the means to retain past experiences and use that information presently. Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval processes. 2. Common memory tasks like recall, recognition, implicit vs explicit, and those measuring procedural knowledge. 3. Influential models of memory like the multi-store model dividing memory into sensory, short-term and long-term stores, and the levels-of-processing model. 4. Components of working memory like the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, and their roles in maintaining and processing information temporarily. 5. Taxonom

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mylene david
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MEMORY:

MODELS AND
RESEARCH
METHODS
Memory – is the means by which we
retain and draw on our past
experiences to use that information in
the present.
- As a process, memory refers to the
dynamic mechanisms associated with
storing, retaining, and retrieving
information about past experiences.
Process in Memory

ENCODING

STORAGE

RETRIEVAL
Process in Memory
a. Encoding - processes used to store information
in memory. It refers how you transform a
physical sensory input into a kind of
representation that can be placed into memory.
b. Storage - processes used to maintain
information in memory. It refers to how your
retain encoded information in memory.
c. Retrieval - processes used to get information
back out of memory. It refers on how you gain
access to information stored in memory.
Task Used in Measuring Memory
MEMORY TASKS DESCRIPTION OF WHAT EXAMPLE
THE TASKS REQUIRE
Explicit-Memory You must consciously recall Who wrote the
tasks particular information Hamlet?
Declarative- You must recall facts What is your first
knowledge tasks name?
Recall tasks You must produce a fact, a Fill-in-the-blank tests
word, or other item from
memory

Serial-recall task You must repeat the items in a Presentation of series


list in the exact order in which of numbers/letters/
you heard or read them. figures (in exact order)

Free-recall task You must repeat the items in a Presentation of series


list in any order in which you of numbers/letters/
recall them. figures (in any order)
MEMORY DESCRIPTION OF WHAT THE EXAMPLE
TASKS TASKS REQUIRE

Cued-Recall task You must memorize a list of paired List of pair words
items; then when you are given
one item in the pair, you must
recall the mate for that item.

Recognition tasks You must select or otherwise Multiple choice and


identify an item as being one that true or false tests
you learned previously.

Implicit-memory You must draw on information in Word-completion tests


tasks memory without consciously
realizing that you are doing so.

Tasks involving You must remember learned skills “knowing-how skills”


procedural and automatic behaviors, rather Puzzle solving problems
knowledge than facts. Riding a bicycle or ice
skating
Tasks Used for Measuring Memory
Recall versus Recognition Tasks
Recall Task – to produce a fact, a word, or
other item from memory.
a. Serial Recall Task
b. Free Recall Task
c. Cued-Recall Task
Recognition Task – to select or otherwise
identify an item as being one that you learned
previously.
Implicit versus Explicit Memory Tasks
Implicit Memory Task
-Require participants to complete task
-The completion of the task indirectly indicates
memory
-When we recollect something but are not
conscious aware that we are trying to do so.
Explicit Memory Task
-Involve conscious recollection
-Participants know they are trying to retrieve
information from memory
Methods to assess procedural memory
Rotary-pursuit task - Keep stylus on a dot on a
rotating disk
Mirror-tracing task - Watch mirror image to trace
a figure
Models of Memory
1. ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN MULTISTORE MODEL
Sensory store – capable of storing relatively
limited amounts of information for very brief
periods.
Short-term store – capable of storing
information for somewhat longer periods but
of relatively limited capability as well
Long-term store – of very large capacity,
capable of storing information for very long
periods, perhaps even indefinitely
(Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Memory Model)
Sperling’s Discovery
Whole report procedure
- Flash a matrix of letters for 50 milliseconds
- Identify as many letters as possible
- Participants typically remember 4 letters
Partial report procedure
- Flash a matrix of letters for 50 milliseconds
- Participants are told to report bottom row
- Participants were able to report any row
requested
(Result of Sperling’s Experiment)
Subsequent Refinement of Sperling’s Work

Iconic Memory Research (Averbach &


Coriell (1961)) – a discrete visual sensory
register that holds information for very
short periods.
-Revealed that iconic memory can be
erased
-Makes our visual sensations more
sensible
2. THE LEVELS-OF-PROCESSING MODEL
LEVEL OF BASIS FOR PROCESSING EXAMPLE
PROCESSING

Physical Visually apparent Word: TABLE


features of the letters Question: Is the word
written in capital letters?

Phonological Sound combinations Word: CAT


associated with the Question: Does the word
letters (ryhming) rhyme with “MAT”?

Semantic Meaning of the word Word: DAFFODIL


Question: Is the word a
type of plant?
THE COMPONENTS OF WORKING
MEMORY

Working Memory holds only the most


recently activated, or conscious, portion
of long-term memory, and it moves these
activated elements into and out of brief,
temporary memory storage.
CHARACTE TRADITIONAL THREE- ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF
RISTICS STORE VIEW MEMORY

Terminology: Working memory is another Working memory (active memory)


Definition of name for short-term s that part of long-term memory
memory memory, which is distinct that comprises all the knowledge of
stores from long-term memory facts and procedures that recently
has been activated in memory,
including the brief, fleeting short-
term memory and its content.

Metaphor Short-term memory may be Short-term memory, working


for envisioned as being distinct memory, and long-term memory
envisioning from long-term memory, may be envisioned as nested
the perhaps either alongside it concentric spheres, in which
relationships or hierarchically linked to it. working memory contains only the
most recently activated portion of
long-term memory, and short-term
memory contains only a very small,
fleeting portion of working
memory.
CHARACTERIS TRADITIONAL THREE- ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF
TICS STORE VIEW MEMORY

Metaphor for Information moves directly Information remains within


the movement from long-term memory to long-term memory; when
of information short-term memory and activated, information moves
then back – never in both into long-term memory’s
locations at once. specialized working memory,
which actively will move
information into and out of
the short-term memory store
contained within it.

Emphasis Distinction between long- Role of activation in moving


term and short-term information into working
memory memory and the role of
working memory in memory
processes.
The Components of Working Memory
1. Phonological loop – briefly holds inner speech
for verbal comprehension and for acoustic
rehearsal.
2. Visuospatial sketch pad - Used for maintaining
and processing visuo-spatial information or visual
images.
3. Central executive – both coordinates attentional
activities and governs responses.
- It is critical to working memory because it is the
gating mechanism that decides what information to
process further and how to process this
information.
4. Subsidiary slave systems – performs other
cognitive or perceptual tasks.

5. Episodic buffer – a limited-capacity


system that is capable of binding information
from the visuospatial sketchpad and
phonological loop as well from long-term
memory into a unitary episodic
representation.
The Components of Working Memory

Central Executive

Phonological Visuospatial
Loop Episodic Buffer Sketchpad

Verbal Long-Term Visual


Information Memory Information
Measuring Working Memory
Multiple Memory System
1. Semantic memory – stores general world
knowledge.
- It is our memory for facts that are not unique to
us and that are recalled in any particular
temporal context.
2. Episodic memory – stores personally
experienced events or episodes.
- We use learn lists or words or when we need to
recall something that occurred to us at a
particular time or in a particular context.
Taxonomy of Memory System
A Connectionist Perspective

Parallel distributed processing model


-Memory uses a network
-Meaning comes from patterns of
activation across the entire network
-Spreading activation network model
-Supported by priming effects
Exceptional Memory and Neuropsychology

Outstanding Memory: Mnemonists


Mnemonists – someone who demonstrate
extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually
based on using special techniques for memory
enhancement.
-Long strings of words
-Remembered over 15-18 years
Deficient Memory
1. Amnesia – a severe loss of explicit
memory.
a. Retrograde amnesia – loss of memory for
events that occurred before the trauma
b. Infantile amnesia - inability to recall
events of young childhood
c. Anterograde amnesia - no memory for
events that occur after the trauma
2. Alzheimer’s Disease - a disease of older adults that
cause dementia as well as progressive memory loss.
-It is typically recognized on the basis of loss of
intellectual function in daily life.
-Alzheimer’s disease leads an antrophy of the brain;
especially the hippocampus, frontal and temporal
brain regions.
-Alzheimer’s disease is diagnosed when memory is
impaired and there is at least one other area of
dysfunction in the domains of language, motor,
attention, executive function, personality, or object
recognition.
Symptoms (gradual, continuous, and
irreversible)
Memory loss
Problems doing familiar tasks
Problems with language
Trouble knowing the time, date, or place
Poor or decreased judgment
Problems with abstract thinking
Misplacing things often, such as keys
Changes in mood, behavior, and personality
The Brain with and without Alzheimer’s

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