RF BASED AUTOMATIC PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
SUBMITTED BY
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
[Link], M.E.,
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VIJAYAMANGALAM-638056
12/08/21 SCE 1
ABSTRACT
• In India Power Distribution is done through Step-Down and
Step-Up Transformers.
• So Transformers plays a crucial role in Electricity Board for
Power Distribution.
• Every street consists of a Transformer (Step-Down) for the
end user distribution.
• During strange events for some reasons the transformer is
burned out due to the over load and short circuit in their
winding.
• Also the oil temperature is increased due to the increase in the
level of current flowing through their internal windings.
12/08/21 SCE 2
Cont…
• “RF Based Automatic Fault Protection System for
Distribution Transformer” is built to do the above task
automatically.
• This continuously monitor parameters of the transformer
and inform to us if there is any problem is occur.
• RF Module is used to transmit the details of transformer,
location, and identified problem to the nearby EB Station.
• 433 MHz Transmitter and Receiver is used in this
project.
12/08/21 SCE 3
CONTENTS
• Drawbacks of existing system
• Block diagram
• Circuit diagram
• Current measurement
• Voltage measurement
• Flow measurement
• Level measurement
• Temperature measurement
• Relay
• Transmitter
• Receiver
12/08/21 SCE 4
DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM
• The electric lines users have identified that the number
of drawbacks caused by electrical power quality
variations are increasing rapidly.
• These variations have already existed on electrical
systems, but recently they are causing serious
problems.
• Only meager recorded data is available at limited
substation locations in certain systems.
• When a fault occurs in such systems, only a few (two
or three) recording devices are triggered.
12/08/21 SCE 5
CAUSES OF FAILURE
• Insufficient Oil level.
• Seepage of water in oil.
• Prolonged Over loading.
• Single Phase loading.
• Unbalanced loading.
• Faulty Termination (Improper sized lugs etc)
• Power Theft.
• Prolonged Short Circuit.
• Faulty operation of tap changer switch.
• Lack of installation checks.
• Bad Quality of raw material.
• Transit damaged transformers.
• After failure , transformer is removed and replaced with new/repaired one
without removing the cause of failure which results in immediate or short
time failure.
12/08/21 SCE 6
BLOCK DIAGRAM
12/08/21 7
SCE
BLOCK DIAGRAM
RECEIVER
12/08/21 SCE 8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
12/08/21 SCE 9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
RECEIVER
12/08/21 SCE 10
CURRENT MEASUREMENT
12/08/21 SCE 11
Cont….
• Shunt resistor
• Precision rectifier
low voltage
rectify ac to dc
• Summing amplifier
double the voltage value
12/08/21 SCE 12
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
12/08/21 SCE 13
Cont….
• Step-down transformer
230v-6v
• Precision rectifier
low voltage
rectify ac to dc
• Summing amplifier
double the voltage
12/08/21 SCE 14
FLOW MEASUREMENT
12/08/21 SCE 15
Cont….
• Hall effect sensor
3 terminal
5 v-input
output
ground
• Rotating part
fan
12/08/21 SCE 16
LEVEL MEASUREMENT
12/08/21 SCE 17
Cont….
• Variable pot-meter
• Offset voltage
• Amplifier
12/08/21 SCE 18
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
• Temperature increases
the value of thermal
resistance decreases or
vice versa.
• Therefore voltage drop
across it changes.
• And the output voltage
changes.
12/08/21 SCE 19
RELAY
12/08/21 SCE 20
Cont….
• High pulse signal - base of the Q1 transistors - shorts the
collector and emitter terminal - zero signals - base of the Q2
transistor
• Relay - turned OFF state
• Low pulse - base of transistor Q1 transistor - turned OFF
• 12v - base of Q2 transistor – conducting - relay - turned ON
• Hence the common terminal and NO terminal of relay are
shorted.
• Now load gets tripped through relay.
12/08/21 SCE 21
TRANSMITTER
12/08/21 SCE 22
Cont….
• Frequency shift keying
• XR-2206 is a waveform generator
• XR-2206 generating two set of frequency 1200 Hz
and 1400 Hz
• When ever the high output pulse is given to base of
the transistor BF 494, the transistor is conducting so
tank circuit is oscillated
• After the filtration the RF modulated signal is
transmitted through antenna.
12/08/21 SCE 23
RECEIVER
12/08/21 SCE 24
Cont….
• The received data is given to transistor which acts as amplifier.
• Carrier signal is removed and saw tooth signal is appears
across the capacitor.
• The comparator is used to convert the saw tooth signal to exact
square pulse.
• The FSK demodulator is constructed by LM 565 phase locked
loop.
• In the 565 PLL the frequency shift is usually accomplished by
driving a VCO with the binary data signal so that the two
resulting frequencies correspond to logic 0 and logic 1 state are
commonly called the mark and space frequencies.
12/08/21 SCE 25
CONCLUSION
• The proposed system which has been designed to monitor the
transformers essential parameters continuously monitors the
parameters throughout its operation.
• The system not only controls the distribution transformer in
the distribution side by shutting it down but also displays the
values throughout the process for user reference.
• This claims that the proposed design of the system makes the
distribution transformer more robust against some key power
quality issues which makes the voltage, current or temperature
to peak.
• Hence the distribution is made more secure, reliable and
efficient by means of the proposed system.
12/08/21 SCE 26
THANK YOU
12/08/21 SCE 27
