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Understanding Operational Amplifiers

1. An operational amplifier (op-amp) contains two matched transistors that form a differential amplifier to compare the voltage difference between its two input terminals. 2. Key features of an op-amp include very high open loop gain, high input impedance, and ability to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, integration and differentiation. 3. Common op-amp configurations include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, integrator, differentiator, comparator, and voltage follower. These configurations allow op-amps to be used in a variety of applications.

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90 views20 pages

Understanding Operational Amplifiers

1. An operational amplifier (op-amp) contains two matched transistors that form a differential amplifier to compare the voltage difference between its two input terminals. 2. Key features of an op-amp include very high open loop gain, high input impedance, and ability to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, integration and differentiation. 3. Common op-amp configurations include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, integrator, differentiator, comparator, and voltage follower. These configurations allow op-amps to be used in a variety of applications.

Uploaded by

sunnybzu3
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

OPERATIONAL

AMPLIFIER
-
(PHE-10)
+
ANKITA SHARMA
BE 4TH SEM EC
SHREE BALAJI INSTITUTE OF
TECNOLOGY &MENEGMENT
WHAT IS INSIDE AN
OP AMP?
Phases of output signal wrt input

input
Common Emitter Amplifier

RL

Rb

Inverted
Input output
signal signal
Two matched transistors form a
differential amplifier

VC1=VCC-I1R2 VC2=VCC-I2R4
I1 I2

input
0V

Constant -VEE+0.7 V
current
= I1+I2
Transisterized
Differential Amplifier
Double ended
input - double
vout ended output
v1
- +
v2 diff. amp:
vout=A (v1-v2)
Transistorized
Differential Amplifier
Differential Common Mode
Mode signal signal
Single Ended Differential Amplifier
(commonly used in op-amps)

Inverting
input

N●
o
n
Op Amp stages with pin-outs of IC741

7
2

3
4
Op amp Comparator
• Open loop gain of op amp is defined as:
AOL = Vo / VD
where VD = VNI – VINV
• Open loop gain of op amp is very high
(ideally infinite).
• Any small difference between VNI and VINV
results into saturation of output voltage ±VSAT
i.e. for VNI < VINV output is – VSAT and
for VNI > VINV output is + VSAT
• Value of VSAT is limited by the supply voltage of
op amp
Op amp Voltage Level Detector

-
VREF
+ VOUT
VIN
= +VSAT for VIN>VREF
= -VSAT for VIN<VREF
Important features of Op Amp
1. High open loop gain (ideally infinite)
which implies that even the smallest
difference between the two inputs
results into saturated output voltage
2. High input impedance (ideally infinite)
implies that there is no current
flowing into the input of an op amp
Op amp Applications
Inverting Amplifier
Multiplier/Divider circuit, whose gain is decided
by the values of resistors

Rin Rf
Vin +
Vout
Inverting Amplifier Analysis
Iin R If Rf
in

Vin
+
Vout

Due to virtual ground:


Iin= Vin / Rin= If = – ( Vout / Rf )
Vout= – (Rf / Rin ) Vin
Rf > Rin →multiplier Rf < Rin→ divider
Non-inverting Amplifier
+
Vin
If
Vin Vout
Iin
Rf
Rin

Due to virtual ground:


VINV = VNI = Vin
If = (Vout–Vin) / Rf = Iin= Vin / Rin
Vout = [1+ (Rf / Rin )] Vin
Op amp integrator

VVout
in = IR
– If Vout
(1 / Rin Cf )C∫f Vin dt
in in

Iin= Vin / Ri n= If = – Cf ( dVout / dt )


Op amp Differentiator
Cin Rf If
Iin
Vin
Vout

Vout= – Rf Cin (dVin / dt )


Iin= CindVin /dt = If = – Vout / Rf
Summary
• Op amp can be used for various
(mathematical) operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division,
differentiation, integration etc.
• Infinite open loop gain and infinite input
resistance give rise to VIRTUAL GROUND
• Op amp is available in a simple to use IC
form which require dual supply
• Many other applications can be
implemented using op amp
Thank you !
Any Quation ….?

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