OP AMPs for Everyone
Newnes, 2009
Active Filters
Active Filters : Theory x Experimental
Active Filters
Active Filters : Theory x Experimental
Filtro Passa Baixa Butterwork, ordem n=5, fc= 19.8KHz
Active Filters
Active Filters : Theory x Experimental
Introduciton
Applications (few examples):
In the field of telecommunications band pass filters are used in the audio frequency range
(0 – 20 KHz)
High frequency band-pass filters (several hundreds MHz) are used for channell selection in
telephone centrals).
There are filters that do not filter any frequencies of a complex input signal, but just add a
linear phase shift to each frequency component, thus contributing to a constant time delay.
These are called all-pass filters.
At high frequencies (> 1 MHz), all of these filters usually consist of passive components such
as inductors (L), resistors (R), and capacitors (C). They are then called LRC filters.
In the lower frequency range (1 Hz to 1 MHz), however, the inductor value becomes very
large and the inductor itself gets quite bulky, making economical production difficult.
Active filters are circuits that use an operational amplifier (op amp) as the active device in
combination with some resistors and capacitors to provide an LRC-like filter performance at
low frequencies.
Filtro Passivo X Filtro Ativo
Mostrar que os filtros passivo RLC e ativo passa-faixa com realimentação múltipla abaixo
filtro têm a mesma função de transferência.
O ganho de tensão do circuito passivo é dado por:
[1]
Filtro Ativo Genérico na Configuração Realimentação Múltipla
O ganho de tensão deste circuito pode ser facilmente obtido utilizando-se a LCK nos
nós a e b, supondo que o amp op é ideal e aplicando-se a técnica de terra virtual.
Nó a:
Nó b:
Z1 = R1
Z2 = R2
Z3= 1/jwC3
Z4= 1/jwCe
Z5 = R5
Se C3 = C4 = C e R5 = 2R1 resulta:
[2]
[1] = [2]
Active Filters
Contents: Active Filters
Rather than resembling just another filter book, the individual filter sections are written
in a cookbook style, thus avoiding tedious mathematical derivations. Each section
starts with the general transfer function of a filter, followed by the design equations to
calculate the individual circuit components.
Introduction to three main filter optimizations (Butterworth, Tschebyscheff, and Bessel).
Description of the most common active filter applications:
low-pass
high-pass
band-pass
band-rejection
all-pass filters
Active Filters
filtro passa-baixa filtro passa-alta
filtro passa-faixa filtro rejeita-faixa
Active Filters
Active Filter
Sallen-Key Topology
filtro passa-baixa
Passive Filter
Active Filters
Active Filter
Multiple Feedback Topology
filtro passa-alta
Passive Filter
Active Filters
Active Filter
Sallen-Key Topology
filtro passa-faixa
Passive Filter
Active Filters
Active Filter
Twin-T Topology
filtro rejeita-faixa
Passive Filter
Active Filters
filtro passa-tudo
banda de passagem é todo o espectro de frequências
mas com defasagens diferentes ao longo do espectro
Active Filters
Low Pass Filters
Active Filters
Low Pass Filter Butterworth
Tchebysheff
Bessel
Active Filters
Low Pass Filter
General Transfer Function
The filter coefficients ai and bi distinguish between Butterworth,
Tschebyscheff, and Bessel filters. The coefficients for all three types of
filters are tabulated.
n determines the gain rolloff above fC (n·20 dB/decade)
ai and bi determine the gain behavior in the passband
Active Filters
Low Pass Filter
General Transfer Function
The Butterworth coefficients optimizes the passband for maximum flatness
The Tschebyscheff coefficients sharpes the transition from passband into
the stopband
The Bessel coefficients linearizes the phase response up to fC
Active Filters
Butterworth Low Pass Filter
The Butterworth low-pass filter provides passband flatness.
Active Filters
Tchebysheff Low Pass Filter
The Tschebyscheff low-pass filters provide an even higher gain rolloff
above fC. However, the passband gain is not monotone, but contains
ripples of constant magnitude instead. For a given filter order, the higher
the passband ripples, the higher the filter’s rolloff.
Active Filters
Tchebysheff Low Pass Filter
For a given filter order, the higher the passband ripples, the higher the
filter’s rolloff.
Each ripple accounts for one second-order filter stage.
Filters with even order numbers generate ripples above the 0-dB line
Filters with odd order numbers create ripples below 0 dB.
Active Filters
Bessel Low Pass Filter
The passband gain of a Bessel low-pass filter is not as flat as that of
the Butterworth low-pass
The transition from passband to stopband is by far not as sharp as
that of a Tschebyscheff low-pass filter
Active Filters
Bessel Low Pass Filter
The Bessel low-pass filters have a linear phase response over a wide
frequency range
Active Filters
Bessel Low Pass Filter
The Bessel low-pass filters have a linear phase response over a wide
frequency range
Active Filters
Cascade Filters
The first-order and second-order filter stages are the building blocks
for higher-order filters.
Active Filters
Quality Factor
Band Pass
Filters
Low and High Pass
Filters
Active Filters
Quality Factor
Example: low pass filter with 5 stages
Q5(dB) = 20 logQ5
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
Filters
Coefficients
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
Butterworth
Coefficients
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
Bessel
Coefficients
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
Tschebyscheff
Coefficients
(0.5 dB Passband ripple)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
Tschebyscheff
Coefficients
(1 dB Passband ripple)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Tschebyscheff
Coefficients
(2 dB Passband ripple)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Tschebyscheff
Coefficients
(3 dB Passband ripple)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
All Pass
Active Filters
Cascade Filters
First order filter
Second order filter
Active Filters
Low Pass Filters
(First Order Topology)
Active Filters
Low Pass Filter
(First Order)
Inverting
a1
(DC gain)
Active Filters
Low Pass Filter
(First Order)
Noninverting
a1
(DC gain)
Active Filters
Designing Low Pass Filters
(First Order Topology)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)
Inverting Noninverting
(Ganho = 1)
(Ganho ≠ 1)
1 Specify fC, A0 , C1 1 Specify fC, A0, C1 1 Specify fC, C1
2 2 2
3 3
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)
Filtro Passa-Baixa Sallen-Key Genérico de Ordem 1 Inversor
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)
Filtro Passa-Baixa Sallen-Key Genérico de Ordem 1 Não-Inversor
Active Filters
Low Pass Filters
(Second Order Topology)
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
General Sallen-Key Topology
Multiple Feedbak Topology
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Seconder Order)
Sallen-Key Topology (G≠1)
The SK topology is commonly used in filters
General Sallen-Key Topology
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Seconder Order)
Sallen-Key Topology (G=1)
Sallen-Key Topology with unit gain
a1 b1
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Multiple Feedbak Topology
The MFB topology is commonly used in filters that have high Qs and require a high gain
a1
b1
Active Filters
Designing Low Pass Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
(G=1)
1 Pick C1
2 Determine filter coefficients a1 e b1
3 In order to obtain real values under the square
root, C2 must satisfy the following condition:
4 Calculate R1 and R2
22
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
(G=1)
Exemple 1:
Design a second order unity gain Tschebyscheff low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 3KHz and a 3dB passband ripple
1 Pick C1 =22nF
2 Get the Tschebyscheff filters coefficient tables: a1 = 1.0650 and b1 = 1,9305
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
(G=1)
Exemple 1:
Design a second order unity gain Tschebyscheff low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 3KHz and a 3dB passband ripple
4 Calculate R1 and R2
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
(G=1)
Exemple 1:
Design a second order unity gain Tschebyscheff low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 3KHz and a 3dB passband ripple
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
( Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
(G≠1)
R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
(G≠1)
1 Get an and bn
2 Pick C and get R
3 Calculate A0 and R4 /R3
e
4 Calculate Q
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)
Filtro Passa-Baixa Sallen-Key Genérico de Ordem 2
Active Filters
Designing Low Pass Filters
(Higher Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)
Exemple 1:
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 50KHz.
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)
Exemplo
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 50KHz
Get Butterworth Coefficients
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(High Order)
Exemplo
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 50KHz
First Filter: first order
1 Pick C1 = 1nF
2 Get R1
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(High Order)
Exemplo
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency of 50KHz
Second Filter: Sallen-Key second order
1 Pick C1 = 820pF
= 1.87K Ω
3 With C1 = 820pF and
C2 = 1.5nF calculate R1 = 4.42 KΩ
and R2
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(High Order)
Exemplo
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency = 50KHz
Third Filter: Sallen-Key second order
1 Pick C1 = 330pF
= 1.47K Ω
3 With C1 = 330pF and
C2 = 4.7nF calculate R1 = 4.53 KΩ
and R2
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(High Order)
Exemplo
Design a fifth order unity gain Butterworth low pass filter with a corner
frequency = 50KHz
Active Filters
Designing Low Pass Filters
(Second Order)
Multiple Feedback Topology
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Multiple Feedbak Topology
The MFB topology is commonly used in filters that have high Qs and require a high gain
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Multiple Feedbak Topology
1 Choose C1 , C2
2 Calculate R1, R2, R3
Active Filters
Simulação LTSpice
Butterwork
Bessel
Tchebysheff (3dB)
Active Filters
High Pass Filters
High Pass Filter Active Filters
By replacing the resistors of a low-pass filter with capacitors, and its capacitors with
resistors a high-pass filter is created
General Sallen-Key Low Pass Topology General Sallen-Key High Pass Topology
Unit Gain Sallen-Key Low Pass Topology Unit Gain Sallen-Key High Pass Topology
High Pass Filter Active Filters
To plot the gain response of a high-pass filter mirror the gain response of a low-pass
filter replacing Ω with 1/Ω and S with 1/S
A(s) =
Active Filters
High Pass Filters
First Order Topology
High Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)
Inverting
-
High Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)
Noninverting
Active Filters
Designing
High Pass Filters
First Order Topology
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(First Order)
Inverting Noninverting
1 Specify fC, A∞, C1 1 Specify fC, A∞, C1
2
2
3
3
Active Filters
High Pass Filters
Second Order Topology
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
General Sallen-Key Topology
α =1
Unit Gain Sallen-Key Topology
Designing High Pass Filter
(Second Order)
Active Filters
Multiple Feedbak Topology
The MFB topology is commonly used in filters that have high Qs and requirea high gain
Active Filters
Designing
High Pass Filters
Second Order Topology
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
(unit gain)
1 Get the filter coefficients
2 Specify C
Unit Gain
3
4
Designing High Pass Filter
(Second Order)
Active Filters
Multiple Feedbak Topology
1 Get the filter coefficients
2 Pick C and C2
4
Active Filters
Designing
High Pass Filters
Higher Order Topology
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)
Exemple 1:
Design a third-order Sallen-Key unity-gain Bessel high-pass filter with the
corner frequency fC = 1 kHz.
1 Get the Bessel coefficients
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)
Exemple:
Design a third-order Sallen Key unity-gain Bessel high-pass filter with the
corner frequency fC = 1 kHz.
First Filter: first order non-inverting with
unit gain C1
R1
1 Bessel coefficientes: a1= 0.756, b1 = 0
2 Pick C1 C1 = 100nF
3 Get R1
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)
Exemple:
Design a third-order Sallen Key unity-gain Bessel high-pass filter with corner
frequency fC = 1 kHz.
Second Filter: second order SK with unit gain
1 Bessel coefficientes: a2 = 0.996, b2 = 0.472
2 Pick C C = 100nF
4
Designing High Pass Filter Active Filters
(Higher Order)
Exemple:
Design a third-order Sallen Key unity-gain Bessel high-pass filter with the
corner frequency fC = 1 kHz.
Active Filters
Band Pass Filters
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
The passband characteristic of a low-pass filter is transformed into the upper passband
half of a band-pass filter. The upper passband is then mirrored at the mid frequency, f m
(Ω=1), into the lower passband half
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
Normalized bandwith
Normalized mid bandwith
Q factor
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
The simplest design of a band-pass filter is the connection of a high-pass filter and a
lowpass filter in series, which is commonly done in wide-band filter applications.
A first order high-pass and a first-order low-pass provide a second-order band-pass,
A second-order high-pass and a second-order low-pass result in a fourth-order band-
pass response.
Narrow-band filters of higher order consist of cascaded second-order band-pass filters
that use the Sallen-Key or the Multiple Feedback (MFB) topology.
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
To develop the frequency response of a second-order band-pass filter, apply the
Transformation s to a first-order low-pass transfer function:
s
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
When designing band-pass filters, the parameters of interest are the gain at the mid
frequency (Am) and the quality factor (Q), which represents the selectivity of a band-
pass filter. Therefore, replace A0 with Am /Q and ΔΩ with 1/Q (Equation 16–7) to
obtain:
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
Normalized gain response of a second order
bandpass filter
Active Filters
Band Pass Filters
Second Order Topology
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
Multiple Feedbak Topology
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
G= 1 + R2 /R1
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
The Sallen-Key circuit has the advantage that the quality factor (Q) can be varied via the
inner gain (G) without modifying the mid frequency (f m).
A drawback is that Q and Am cannot be adjusted independently.
Care must be taken when G approaches the value of 3 because A m becomes infinite.
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Multiple Feedback Topology
Active Filters
Designing
Band Pass Filters
Second Order Topology
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Sallen-Key Topology
1 Specify fm and C
3a Specify Am, calculate G Specify Q, calculate G
3b
and R2 / R1 and R2 / R1
G= 1 + R2 /R1 G= 1 + R2 /R1
Designing Band Pass Filter
(Second Order)
Active Filters
Multiple Feedback Topology
1 Specify fm , Q, Am and C
=
2
R2
3
R1 =
|
−2 A m |
− 𝐴𝑚 𝑅1
4
R3 =
| 𝑄2 + 𝐴 𝑚 |
Designing Band Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
Exemple 1:
Design a second-order MFB band-pass filter with a mid frequency of f m= 1
kHz, a quality factor of Q = 10, and a gain of Am= –2. Assume a capacitor
value of C = 100 nF.
Active Filters
Band Pass Filters
Higher Order Topology
Higher Order Active Filters
Band Pass Filter
Replacing the s term with the transformation
in a second order low pass transfer function gives the general transfer function of a
fourth-order band-pass:
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
This equation represents the connection in series of two second-order band-pass filters
where:
b
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
Factor α needs to be determined through successive approximation, using equation:
Values of α For Different Filter Types and Different valures of Q:
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
In a fourth-order band-pass filter with high Q, the mid frequencies of the two partial
filters differ only slightly from the overall mid frequency. This method is called
staggered tuning. A flat gain response shows up as well as a sharp pass-band to
stop-band transition.
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
Example: Gain response of a fourth-order Butterworth band-pass filter with
staggered tuning where with Q = 1. Its partial filters are shown as well as the gain of
a non staggered tuning filter with Q = 10.
Active Filters
Designing
Band Pass Filters
Higher Order Topology
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
Exemple:
Design a fourth-order Butterworth band-pass with fm = 10KHz, Q = 10 and Am = 1
using a second order multiple feedback topology.
1 From table: a1 = 1.4142, b1 = 1, α = 1,036
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
Exemple:
Design a fourth-order Butterworth band-pass with fm = 10KHz, Q = 10 and Am = 1
using a second order multiple feedback topology.
2 Calculate fm1 and fm2
3 Calculate Qi
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
Exemple:
Design a fourth-order Butterworth band-pass with fm = 10KHz, Q = 10 and Am = 1
using a second order multiple feedback topology.
4 Calculate Ami
b1
5 Calculate the MF resistance components for filter 1 and filter 2 using C = 10nF
R2
=
R1 i=
|
− 2 A mi |
R3 i=
| − 𝐴 𝑚𝑖 𝑅 1
2
2𝑄 + 𝐴𝑚𝑖 |
Band Pass Filter Active Filters
Exemple:
Design a fourth-order Butterworth band-pass with fm = 10KHz, Q = 10 and Am = 1
using a second order multiple feedback topology and C=10nF.
5 Calculate the MF resistance components using C = 10nF
+ +
Active Filters
Simulação - LTSpice
Os valores dos
componentes
foram medidos !
Active Filters
Band Rejection Filters
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters
A band-rejection filter is used to suppress a certain frequency rather than a range of
frequencies.
The passband characteristic of the low-pass filter is transformed into the lower
passband of the band-rejection filter. The lower passband is then mirrored at the mid
frequency, fm (Ω=1), into the upper passband half.
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters
To generate the transfer function of a second-order band-rejection filter, replace the s
term of a first-order low-pass response with the transformation
Ao é o ganho na
banda de passagem.
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters
Two of the most popular band-rejection filters are the active twin-T and the active
Wien-Robinson circuit, both of which are second-order filters.
active twin-T active Wien-Robinson
Active Filters
Band Rejection Filters
Função de Transferência
Active Filters
Função de Transferência H(s)
Active Filters
Filtro de ordem 2 com dois zeros e dois pólos
Active Filters
Ganho (Av=Ao)
Para obtenção do ganho não é necessário resolver (H(s):
Nota-se que quando w 0 os capacitores se tornam
circuitos abertos e nessa situação v1=v2=vi tornando o
circuito um amplificador não inversor, cujo ganho é:
DÚVIDA: o que ocorre com os dois
resistore R em série ?
Active Filters
Ganho (Av)
Para obtenção do ganho não é necessário resolver (H(s):
Nota-se que quando w ∞ os capacitores se tornam
curto-circuitos e nessa situação v1=v2=vi tornando o
circuito amplificador não inversor, cujo ganho é:
DÚVIDA: o que ocorre com R2 ?
Active Filters
Frequência Central (wc)
Como s=jw: então:
A frequência central é o valor wc que minimiza |H(s)|.
Os valores de C, R,R1 e R2 são constantes positivas e o
numerador de |H(s)| é uma parábola com concavidade
para baixo que cruza o eixo das ordenadas acima do
zero, ou seja, essa parábola passa por zero. Sendo assim,
para encontrar a frequência central basta encontrar wc
tal que |H(s)| = 0, então:
Active Filters
Frequência Central (wc)
Active Filters
Fator de Qualidade (Q)
Substituindo Av e wc em |H(s)|:
Active Filters
Fator de Qualidade (Q)
Para obter w2 sabemos que wc < w2 portanto:
Para obter w1 sabemos que wc > w1 portanto:
Active Filters
Fator de Qualidade (Q)
A função de transferência de qualquer filtro ativo twin-T é:
Active Filters
Design
Band Rejection Filters
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters
Active Twin-T Filter
Designing Rejection Pass Filter Active Filters
Active Twin-T Filter
1 Specify fm , Ao and C
2 Calculate R
3 Calculate R2 / R1
4 Pick R1 and calculate R2
Designing Rejection Pass Filter Active Filters
Exemple:
Design a rejection pass filter using the Twin-T topology with f m = 10KHz, Ao = 1,5 .
Pick C=10nF.
1 Calculate R = 1,6KΩ
2 Calculate R2 / R1 R2 / R1 = 0,5
3 Pick R1 and calculate R2 R1 = 2,2KΩ and R2 = 1,1KΩ
Designing Rejection Pass Filter Active Filters
Exemple:
Design a rejection pass filter using the Twin-T topology with f m = 10KHz, Ao = 1,5 .
Pick C=10nF.
Band Rejection Filter Active Filters
Wien-Robinson
Filter
Designing Rejection Pass Filter Active Filters
Win-Robinson Filter
1 Define fm and C. Q and Ao DÚVIDA: Cálculo de R1 ?
Ele é escolhido ?
2 Calculate R OBS: o livro “Op Amp for
Everyone” não descreve o
valor de R1.
3 Determine α
4 Determine β
4 Define R2 and calculate R3 and R4
Active Filters
Simulação - LTSpice
LM318
LM351
LM741
Active Filters
All Pass Filters
All Pass Filters Active Filters
All-pass filter has a constant gain across the entire frequency range, and a phase
response that changes linearly with frequency.
All-pass filters are used in phase compensation and signal delay circuits.
Similar to the low-pass filters, all-pass circuits of higher order consist of
cascaded first-order and second-order all-pass stages.
(ai and bi being the coefficients of a partial filter)
All Pass Filters Active Filters
The transfer function expressed by magnitude and phase yields:
Magnitude :
(módulo 1)
Phase:
All Pass Filters Active Filters
Group Delay
It is te time by which the all pass filter delays each frequency within a band.
The normalized group delay is calculated by the equations:
All Pass Filters Active Filters
The
frequency at which the group delay drops to times its initial value is the corner
frequency, fC.
The Tgro is the value of Tgr when Ω < 1.
Designing Low Pass Filter Active Filters
(Second Order)
All Pass
All Pass Filters Active Filters
First Order Topology
Second Order Topology
All Pass Filters Active Filters
The Tgro is the value of Tgr when Ω < 1.
= 2RC (ordem 1 )
= 4RC (ordem 2)
Active Filters
Designing
All Pass Filters
(First Order Topology)
All Pass Filters Active Filters
First Order Topology
1 Specify fC and C
2 Calculate R
3 Delay group
Active Filters
Designing
All Pass Filters
(Second Order Topology)
All Pass Filters Active Filters
Second Order Topology
1 Specify fC , R and C
2 Calculate R
3 Calculate R1 , R2 , R3
4 Maximum delay group
All Pass Filters Active Filters
Exemple:
A signal with the frequency spectrum, 0 < f < 1 kHz, needs to be delayed by 2 ms.
To keep the phase distortions at a minimum, the corner frequency of the all-pass
filter must be fC ≥ 1 kHz. Design a 2-ms delay all-pass filter
1 The figure below shows a seventh-order all-pass is needed to accomplish
the desired delay.
e tgro = 2ms
All Pass Filters Active Filters
Exemple:
A signal with the frequency spectrum, 0 < f < 1 kHz, needs to be delayed by 2 ms.
To keep the phase distortions at a minimum, the corner frequency of the all-pass
filter must be fC ≥ 1 kHz. Design a 2-ms delay all-pass filter
All Pass Filters Active Filters
Exemplo:
Implemente em um protoboard um filtro passa tudo de ordem 1 com
frequência de corte 1KHz. Utilize C=10nF.
Simulação - LTSpice
All Pass Filters Active Filters
Exemplo:
Implemente em um protoboard um filtro passa tudo de ganho unitário e ordem
1 com frequência de corte 1KHz. Utilize C=10nF.
Simulação - LTSpice
escala
linear
f(Hz)
1KHz
All Pass Filters Active Filters
Exemplo:
Implemente em um protoboard um filtro passa tudo de ordem 1 com
frequência de corte 1KHz. Utilize C=10nF.
G(dB)
Simulação - LTSpice
f(Hz)
