LINEAR & ANGULAR

MEASUREMENTS
Subject Code
2141901

Subject
Mechanical Measurement and
Metrology
Content
 Introduction
 Working Principle & Construction of Angular
Measuring Instruments like Protractors, Sine bars,
Sine Centre, Angle Gauges, Spirit Level,
Clinometers, Angle Dekkor
 Applications, Advantages & Limitations of
commonly used Angular Measuring Instruments;
 Taper Measuring Instruments: Measurement of
Taper Shafts & Holes.
Introduction
 Angle is a ambiguous term when compared with
concepts of length and diameter.
 The term angle is used to refer to any one of the
following:
 The angular separation of intersecting lines
 The angular spacing of points on the circumference of
a circle
 The deviation from a reference line or plane or other
datum
 The twist of a shaft subjected to torque.
Introduction
Introduction
 Units of angular measurement
 Radian
 The radian is defined as the angle subtended at the center of
a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius.
 Degree
 Circle is divided into 360 equal parts, each being a degree.
Introduction
 Units of angular measurement
 There are other two measurement systems:
 Sexagesimal System
This system divides the right angle into 90 degrees with the
further division of the degree into 60 minutes and the
minute into 60 seconds.
 Centesimal System
This system divides the right angle into 100 equal parts
(grades) with a further subdivision of the grade into 100
minutes and the minute into 100 seconds
Introduction
 Units of angular measurement
 Most commonly used angular measurement units are:
 1 Circle = 360 Degrees ( 360° )
 1 Degree ( 1° ) = 1/360th of a Circle

 1 Degree ( 1°) = 60 Minutes ( 60' )

 1 Minute ( 1' ) = 1/60th of a Degree

 1 Minute ( 1') = 60 Seconds ( 60" )

 1 Second ( 1" ) = 1/60th of a Minute
Introduction
 Units of angular measurement
 Most commonly used angular measurement units are:
 The unit of degree can also be divided into either decimal or
fractional parts and is referred to as decimal degrees or
fractional degrees respectively.

 1½ Degree = 1.5 Degree ( 1.5°)

 87¼ Degrees = 87.25 Degrees ( 87.25° )

Introduction
 Units of angular measurement
 Most commonly used angular measurement units are:
 Minutes and seconds can each be expressed as decimal or
fractional degrees.

1 Minute ( 1' ) = 1/60th of a Degree = 0.01667°

1 Second ( 1" ) = 1/60th of a Minute = 0.01667’

Introduction
 Conversion between radians and degrees
 A complete revolution is defined as 360◦ or 2π radians.
 Where π = 3.14159
Introduction
 Conversion between radians and degrees
 Thus,
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Following instruments are commonly used for angular
measurement
 Protractors
 Sine bars
 Sine Centre
 Angle Gauges
 Spirit Level
 Clinometers
 Combination Set
 Autocollimator
 Angle Dekkor
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Protractor
 Protractor
A protractor is a circular or semicircular tool for measuring
an angle or a circle.
 The units of measurement utilized are usually degrees.

 Types of Protractor
 Bevel Protractor
 Vernier Bevel Protractor
 Optical Bevel Protractor
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Protractor
 Bevel Protractor
 Bevel protractor is also known as plain protector /
engineer’s protractor.
 It is used for measuring and laying angles.
 It consists of head and blade.
 The head is graduated in 0 – 180O in both directions.
 The blade is about 150 mm long.
 The accuracy of this is ½O.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Protractor
 Vernier Bevel Protractor
 Vernier Bevel protractor is also
known as Universal Bevel Protractor.
 It consists of base, sliding blade,
graduated disc ( also known as main
sale) and vernier scale.
 Graduated disc is free to rotate at the
pivot.
 Blade can slide both ways.
 Blade is flat so it could be laid flat
upon the work.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Protractor
 Vernier Bevel Protractor
 The blade is about 150 – 300 mm
long, 13 mm wide and 2 mm thick.
 It is ground off at 45O and 60O for
measuring in corners.
 Vernier bevel protector is also
provided with acute angle attachment
to measure very small angles.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Protractor
 Vernier Bevel Protractor
 The main scale on the protractor is
divided into degrees from 0O to 90O in
four quadrants.
 The vernier scale divides each degree
in to 12 divisions (i.e. one sub
division is equal to 5 minutes).
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Protractor
 Vernier Bevel Protractor
 The main scale on the protractor is
divided into degrees from 0O to 90O in
four quadrants.
 The vernier scale divides 23O degree
into 12 divisions (i.e. one vernier
division = 23O / 12 = 1.9167O = 1O 5’
0”)
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Protractor
 Vernier Bevel Protractor
 Least count = two divisions on main scale – one vernier
scale division
= 2O – 1.9167O
= 0.0833O
= 5’
= 1/12O
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Protractor
 Vernier Bevel Protractor
 Reading Bevel Protractor
 Zero on the vernier scale has moved
28 whole degrees to the right of the 0
on the main scale.
 So, 28O is the main scale reading.
 3th line on the vernier scale coincides
with a line upon the main scale.
 Multiplying 3 by 5, the product (15’)
is the number of minutes.
 Total reading = 28O + 15’ = 28O 5’
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Protractor
 Vernier Bevel Protractor
 Applications
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Optical Bevel Protractor
 In this, the glass circle is divided at 1 O intervals throughout
the circle.
 A small microscope is fitted throughout which the circle
graduations can be viewed.
 A adjustable blade carries rotating microscope.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Optical Bevel Protractor
A scale is full circle marked from 0 O to 90O in four
quadrants.
 A zero position blade and stock are parallel to each other.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
A sine bar is a rectangular tool used to measure angles or
to locate the work at a given angle along with slip gauges.
 It made from high carbon, high chromium, corrosion
resistant steel, hardened and precision ground.
 Two cylinders are attached at the ends; axes parallel to
each other.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Various parts of the sine bar as shown in figure:
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Various parts of the sine bar as shown in figure:
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Various types of the sine bar as shown in figure:
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Various types of the sine bar are :
 They are also classified according to the accuracy of the
distance between the centers.
 A Grade0.0013 mm
 B Grade 0.0025 mm
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring
Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Working Principle
 The sine bar is based on the
principle that the hypotenuse
of a right angle triangle.
 One roller of the bar is placed
on the surface plate and the
combinations of slip gauges is
inserted under the second
roller for setting given angle.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Applications of Sine Bar
 Measuring / Checking Unknown Angles
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Applications of Sine Bar
 Measuring / Checking Unknown Angles (Component is of
small size)
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Applications of Sine Bar
 Measuring / Checking Unknown Angles (Component is of
small size)
 Place the sine bar upon the surface table.
 Mount the job / workpiece upon the sine bar.
 Mount the dial gauge upon the suitable stand.
 Adjust the slip gauges so that the upper surface of the
component parallel to the surface plate.
 Move the dial gauge along the upper surface of the
component to check the parallelism between the upper
component surface and the surface plate.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring
Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Applications of Sine Bar
 Measuring / Checking
Unknown Angles (Component
is of small size)
 The angle of the
component is calculated
by the relation
Ѳ = sin -1 ( h / l)
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Applications of Sine Bar
 Measuring / Checking Unknown Angles (Component is of
larger size)
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Applications of Sine Bar
 Measuring / Checking Unknown Angles (Component is of
larger size)
 When the job / workpiece is large to mount on sine bar,
sine bar can be mounted on the job / workpiece.
 Place the job / workpiece on the surface plate (datum
surface).
 Place the sine bar upon the job / workpiece.
 Measure the height over the roller with the help of vernier
height gauge.
 Apply constant measuring pressure is applied with the
help of dial gauge (both the dial gauge shows the same
reading).
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring
Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Applications of Sine Bar
 Measuring / Checking
Unknown Angles
(Component is of larger size)
 Measure the difference
between the heights of
two vernier height
gauges, say H.
 The angle of the
component is calculated
by the relation
Ѳ = sin -1 ( H / L)
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Sources of Errors
 Error due to incorrect measurement of distance between
setting rollers.
 Error due unequal roller diameters.
 Error due to geometrical conditions of sine bar (flatness,
parallelism etc.)
 Error due to slip gauge combination in angle setting.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Bar
 Advantages
 Simple in design and construction
 Easy to use
 Precise and accurate angle measuring
device
 Limitations
 Difficult to handle and position the slip
gauges
 Error in linear measurement cause
angular measurement
 Physically clumsy to hold
 Good accuracy upto 45O
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring
Instruments
 Sine Center
 Sine centre is a special
type of sine bar.
 It has holding centers
which can be adjusted
and rigidly clamped at
any position.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Center
 Sine center is used for testing of conical work since the
center assure the correct alignment of job / workpiece.
 For checking the included angle of taper, the sine gauge is
set to half of the included angle.
 Rest of the procedure is similar to sine bar.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Sine Center
 The half included angle is calculated by Ѳ = sin -1 ( h / L)
 Total included angle is 2Ѳ
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angle Gauge
 Angle gauge blocks are commonly used for measuring the
angle in the die insert or cavity.
 Made of hardened steel
 Measuring faces are lapped and polished to high degree of
accuracy.
 Measure angle to the accuracy of 3”.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angle Gauge
 They are available in sets.
 A set consists of thirteen separate angle gauge blocks.
 It also consists of one square block and one parallel
straight edge block.
 Available series of gauges are
 First Series – 1O, 3O, 9O, 27O, 41O
 Second Series – 1O,3O, 9O, 27O
 Third Series – 3O, 6O, 18O, 30O
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angle Gauge
 Theavailable angle series can be added or subtracted in
order to get a large number of possible combinations.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angle Gauge
 Advantages
 Directly used as reference to other angle measuring devices.
 Easy to handle and use.
 Limitations
 Combination become bulky.
 Cannot always be conveniently applied to work.
 Compounded error when they are twisted in combination.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Spirit Level
A spirit level is generally used for static leveling of
machinery or other equipment.
 It is also used to measure small angles relative to a
horizontal datum.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Spirit Level
 The bubble in the liquid is always be at the highest
position in the tube.
 It moves along the length if the tube is tilted through a
certain angle, proportional to the angle of the tilt.
 If the movement of the bubble is measured, the tilt angle
can be measured.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Clinometers
 Clinometer is a special case of spirit level.
 It is used to measure angle relative to the horizontal
plane.
 The various types of clinometers are as follows:
 Vernier clinometers
 Micrometer clinometers
 Dial clinometers
 Optical clinometers
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Clinometers
 Vernier Clinometers
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Clinometers
 Vernier Clinometers
 It consists of spirit level mounted on a rotary member carried
in the housing.
 A circular scale, used to measure the angle of inclination of
the rotary member, is provided on the housing.
 The base is placed on the reference surface.
 Rotary member is adjusted till zero reading of the bubble is
obtained.
 Two circular scales are there for measurement, works on the
principle of vernier.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Clinometers
 Micrometer Clinometers
 Micrometer Clinometer is further modification of Vernier
Clinometer.
 One end of the spirit level is attached to the to the barrel of
the micrometer and the other end is hinged to the base.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Clinometers
 Micrometer Clinometers
 The micrometer is adjusted till the zero reading of the bubble
is obtained.
 This is used for measuring small angles.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Clinometers
 Dial Clinometers
 Works on the same principle of bevel protractor.
 The whole angle can be observed through the opening in the
dial on the circular scale and fraction of angle can be read on
the dial.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Clinometers
 Optical Clinometers
 It is similar to the vernier clinometer.
 Reading can be taken through the microscope on the
graduated scale.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Combination Set
 Combination set consist of four parts.
 Steel Rule
 Square Head
 Center Head
 Protractor Head
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Combination Set
 Combination set consist of four parts.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Combination Set
 The steel rule has a groove at its back side.
 All the heads can be moved to any place on the steel rule
in the respective grooves.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Combination Set
 The center head is used to quickly locate center of the
circular job workpiece.
 The square head has one edge at 45O to the steel rule.
 It is used as try square and meter square (45O).
 Bevel protractor is used to measure / locate any angle
with steel rule as reference.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Combination Set
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Combination Set
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Autocollimator
 Auto Clinometers works on the principle of optics.
 It is used to measure small angular differences.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Autocollimator
 Working Principle
 If parallel beam of light is focused from a collimating lens on
a plane (reflector surface) normal to the direction of beam, the
light will be deflected back along its own path.
 The beam will be bought back to the focus exactly at the
position of the light source.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Autocollimator
 Working Principle
 If a plane (reflector surface) is tilted through a small angle Ѳ,
the parallel beams will be deflected through twice the angle.
 The beam will be bought back to the focus in the same plane
as the light source but to on side of it.
 The image (O’) will coincide but there will be distance of
2fѲ.
 Where f = Focal length and OO’ = 2fѲ
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Autocollimator
 Construction
 It consists of three major parts
 Micrometer Microscope
 Lighting Unit
 Collimating lens
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Autocollimator
 Construction
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Autocollimator
 Construction
 The light is focused from the light source.
 The focused light is further splitted using 45O transparent
beam splitter.
 It also reflects the light from graticule and object.
 Thus image is formed, view by microscope.
 The reflector is tilted for angular variation.
 The new image is viewed.
 The distance between the two images is made using
micrometer.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Autocollimator
 Applications
 Checking the internal angles.
 Comparing the angles.
 Measuring straightness and flatness of the surfaces.
 Measuring small linear dimensions.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Auto Dekkor
 AngleDekkor works on the same principle as that of auto
collimator.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Auto Dekkor
 Construction
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Auto Dekkor
 Construction
 The sale is outside the microscopic eye piece.
 The scale is projected on the collimating lens.
 The scale is illuminated by focused light beam.
 After sticking the workpiece surface, the light beam is
refocused on the lens.
 This refocused light beam illuminate the another scale (fixed
type) perpendicular to the earlier one.
 One division on the scale is equal to 1 minute.
Angular Measuring Instruments
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Auto Dekkor
 Applications
 Measure the angle of the surfaces of components.
 Checking the angles of the surfaces of components.
 Angular setting for mechanical operation.
Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Angular Measuring Instruments
 Auto Dekkor
 Angle of taper is measured with the following
instruments:
 Vernier bevel protractor
 Sine Center
 Autocollinmator
Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Angle of taper of hole is measured with the following
instruments:
 Go No-go Gauges
 Depth Micrometer
Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Go-No-go Gauges
 Go-No-Go gauge (or Go/no go) refers to an inspection
tool used to check a workpiece against its allowed
tolerances.
 The gauge has two tests; the check involves the
workpiece having to pass one test (Go) and fail the
other (No Go).
Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Depth Micrometer
Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Depth Micrometer
Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Measuring Taper Shafts & Holes
 Depth Micrometer
 In triangle ABC,
sin (Ѳ / 2) = AB / AC
= (r1 – r2) / (h2 – r2 – h1 + r1)
(Ѳ / 2) = sin -1 [(r1 – r2) / (h2 – r2 – h1 + r1)]
S
Angular and Taper Measurements
 Numerical