INTELLIGENCE

CB
Intelligence
Objectives
After this presentation learners will be able to:
• Meaning of intelligence.
• Definition of intelligence.
• Individual differences in intelligence.
• Demonstrate an understanding of the concept of the
measurement of intelligence.
• Describe the characteristics of test.
• Identify various management of scales.
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INTRODUCTION
Intelligence word derived from the Latin word intelligere, "to
understand," which makes sense because it refers to someone's ability to
understand things.
Intelligence the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness,
learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical
thinking, and problem-solving.
More generally, it can be described as the ability to perceive or
infer information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards
adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.
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DEFINITION
Definitions:
“Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to
think rationally, to act purposefully and to deal effectively with the
environment” (Wechsler-1994)
“Intelligence is the ability to master the knowledge and skills needed to
succeed with in a particular culture” (Lolurto-1991)
“The ability to use memory, knowledge, experience, understanding,
reasoning, imagination and judgement in order to solve problems and
adapt to new situations.” (AllWords Dictionary, 2006)

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Nature of Intelligence:
• It is an innate mental ability which grows and is influenced by
the environment.
• It shows the capacity to adapt to new or changed
situations
quickly and correctly.
• It is the ability to carry on higher mental processes such
as reasoning, criticism, rational and judgment.
• It shows the capacity to observe the relationship
and absurdities.
• It implies the capacity to learn and solve difficult tasks
and problems. 5
Types of intelligence:

Intelligence is divided into three kinds.

1. Concrete intelligence
2. Social or emotional intelligence
3. Abstract or general intelligence

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Types cont..
1. Concrete intelligence:
• This type of intelligence is applicable for using machines, tools and
instruments.
Ex. Mechanics, engineers are concrete intelligent.
2. Social intelligence:
• It is the ability to understand social situations and act wisely in
human relationship.
• Socially intelligent people know the art of winning friends and
influence them.
Ex. Leaders, ministers, salesmen, and diplomats are socially intelligent.
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Cont..
3. Abstract and general intelligence
• It is the ability to respond to words, numbers and letters etc.
• This type of intelligence is required from study of books
literature.
Ex. Teachers, lawyers, doctors and philosophers.

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 Emotional intelligence
• First called social intelligence.
• The ability to perceive, express, understand, and
regulate emotions.
• Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future
success than IQ.
• It is basis of the empathy for others, self awareness , and social
skills. e.g. eye contact, flexibility and cooperation
• It helps in building the therapeutic relationship
with patient.
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Intelligence quotient (IQ)
• The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William
Stern.
• The idea of intelligence quotient was utilized first in 1916 by
Binnet
and Simon test.
• Binnet and Simon used mental age to distinguish “bright”
from
“dull” children.
• IQ is the ratio between the metal age and chronological age.
IQ = MA/CA x 100
Ex. A 6 years old boy with the mental age of 4.
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IQ = 4/6 x 100 = 66.6
Classification of individual according to IQ
Genius 140above
Very superior 130-140 • The children those
Superior 120-130 perform more than
Above average 110-120 average of their age
Average 90-110 have IQ more than 100.
Dull average 80-90 • And those perform less
Borderline 70-80 than average of their
Mild mental retardation 50-70 age have IQ less than
Moderate mental retardation 35-50 100.
Severe mental retardation 20-35
Prof9o/2u3n2/ d019mental retardation 0-20 10
Multiple intelligence
• According to Howard Gardner there are eight types
of intelligence.
• The theory of multiple intelligences differentiates
human intelligence into specific 'modalities', rather than
seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general
ability.
• Howard Gardner proposed this model in his 1983 book Frames
of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences:
• Visual / Spatial
• Verbal / Linguistic
• Logical / Mathematical
• Bodily / Kinesthetic
• Musical / Rhythmic
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Natural
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Theories
There are two main theories regarding intelligence. Every
approach comes up with his own perception and assumptions.
1. Factor theories of intelligence
1. Two factor theory or G-factor theory
2. Group factor or multifactor theory
2. Process oriented theories of intelligence
3. Sternberg’s Triacharic theory

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Two factor or G-factor theory
• Two factor theory was developed by Charles Spearman
(father of factor analysis) in 1927.
• Intellectual abilities were comprised of two factors: one
general ability or common ability known as ‘G’ factor and
the other a group of specific abilities known as ‘S’ factor.
• ‘G’ factor is universal inborn ability. Greater ‘G’ in
an individual leads to greater success in life.
• ‘‘S’ factor is acquired from the environment. It varies
from
activity to activity in the same individual.
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G- factor theory :
• ‘‘S” factor is acquired from the environment. It varies from
activity to activity in the same individual.
• These specific abilities may be represented as :
S1, S2, S3 etc.
According to this theory:
An individual’s total intelligence (A) is the sum of the general
factor (G) and all his specific abilities (S). This can be
expressed as:
A = G+S1+S2+S3 +…….
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 G factor vs. S factor
G factor S factor
It is Universal inborn ability Learned and acquired from
environment.
It is General mental ability These are specific abilities.
It is constant in one individual. It varies from activity to activity in
same individual.
G factor differs from individual to Individuals differs in the amount of S
individual. ability
Used in every activity of life.
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Group factor or Multifactor theory
• This theory was advocated by LL Thurstone in 1938.
• This theory rejected General Intelligence.
• This theory considers intelligence a combination of
numerous separate factors.
• Instead of viewing intelligence as a single , general ability ,
Thurstone's theory focused on seven primary mental abilities.

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Thurstone 7 factors
1. The Verbal Factor (V)—Found in tests involving Verbal
Comprehension.
2. The Spatial Factor (S)—ability to imagine an object in
space.
3. The Number Factor (N)—Ability to do Numerical
Calculations rapidly and accurately.
4. Memory Factor (M)—Involving ability to
memorize quickly.

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Thurstone 7 factors
5. The Reasoning Factor (R)—Found in tasks that require a
subject to discover a rule or principle involved in a series
or groups of letters.
6. The Perceptual Factor (P)- ability to perceive
objects accurately.
7. The Problem solving Factor (PS)- ability to solve
problems
independently.
Based on these factors Thurstone constructed a new test
of intelligence known as:
‘‘Test
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2. Process Oriented Theories

• The process-oriented theorists tend to focus on the

development of intellectual processes that how the
processes change as individual matures.
• Focused on cognitive development rather than intelligence.
• Process oriented theories given by Jean Piaget and Brunner.

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I. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
• According to Piaget, intelligence is an adaptive process.
• Piaget viewed intellectual development as an evolution of
cognitive processes such as understanding the laws of
nature , the principles of grammar & mathematical rules.
• He focused on schemas, assimilation and accommodation.

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 II. Brunner’s
• theory:
This growing abilities are influenced by the environment especially the
rewards and punishments people receives for particular intellectual skill.
• In contrast to Piaget;
Bruner argued that any subject can be taught effectively to any child at any
stage of development.
• For example, it would not be appropriate to teach a three year old complex
physics,
however, Bruner contented that they could be taught some
principles of physics (e.g., force, mass, momentum, friction)

in
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 Sternberg’s Triacharic theory
Three aspects of intelligence:
Componential:
• Analytical thinking “book smart”
Experiential thinking:
• Creative thinking and characterizes the person who
can separate elements of experience and combine
them insightfully.
Contextual:
• “Street smart” one who know how to play the
game and
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can successfully manipulate the environment.
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 Characteristics of Stanford Binet test:
• The Stanford - Binet Intelligence Scales are designed
to measure five factors of cognitive ability.
• These five factors include;
Some other features:
1. Fluid reasoning  This test measures things that
2. Knowledge are necessary for school
3. Quantitative reasoning success.
 Binet’s
item test is a set of age-graded
4. Visual-spatial processing
s
5. Working memory  Binet assumed that children’s
• Both verbal and nonverbal responses abilities increase with age.
are measured.
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1. Fluid reasoning
• Fluid reasoning is the ability to solve abstract problems in
which no prior knowledge is required.
• Nonverbal fluid reasoning is tested with object series matrices.
• Verbal absurdities are simply statements that are silly or
impossible.
For example;
– “an apple is to fruit as celery is to
.” (vegetable).
– what is wrong with a sentence like: “I put ink on my hairbrush
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and cleaned my teeth.” 29
2. Knowledge
• Knowledge is defined as someone’s accumulated stock of
general information that has been committed to long-
term memory.
• For example, a young test subject might be asked to explain
basic human needs, like eating, using gestures. The verbal sub-
test includes vocabulary questions, which may be
administered using toys or flash cards.
• For example;
– Explain differences (between a fish and a horse);
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3. Quantitative Reasoning
• Quantitative reasoning measures a person’s numeracy.
• Questions in this section can include basic counting,
addition and subtraction.
• At higher levels, measurement, geometry and word problems
are included.
• Math concepts are presented in both verbal and
nonverbal formats.

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 IQ Question

• Answer: D. 33
• Explanation: (7 x 6) + 3 = 45 | (8 x 8) + 1 = 65 | (9 x 8) + 3 = 75
(4 x 6) + 9 = 33
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4. Visual-spatial Processing
• Visual-spatial processing involves the recognition of both
patterns and spatial relationships.
• The nonverbal portion of this sub-test usually
includes assembling puzzles and patterns.
• The verbal portion includes questions about direction
and tests
a subject’s ability to identify spatial relationships in
pictures.

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IQ question
Which one of the following is different from others?

Answer: B
Explanations: The only one shape the outer and the inner shape
are the same, while the other are different shapes (inner and
outer).
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5. Working Memory
• Working memory is defined as the multiple processes that
capture, sort and transform information in a person’s short-
term memory.
• For example, like the game Concentration, a test subject might
be asked to recall a previously presented picture.
• Block span simply involves tapping out a sequence on a
series of blocks and asking the test subject to repeat the
sequence.

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Factors Influencing
Intelligence:
1. Nature:
how genetics and heredity affects our intelligence.
 Genetics
 Gender
2. Nurture:
From immediate environment to through out the life.
 Pre and postnatal diet
 Family Environment
 School Environment
 Socioeconomic status of family
 Race/Ethnicity
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Intelligence
Factors

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 Heredity and environment:
• Land and seed used to grow the crop.
• While the seed is heredity and the land is environment.
• If the land is infertile, even with the good seed, one can not
have a good crop.
• Similar with the fertile land if the poor quality seeds are used
the
crop will not achieve the good results.
• As fertile land and good quality seeds are required for good
crops, similarly the heredity and stimulating environment
are necessary for higher intelligence.
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Gender:
Boys and girls tend to be equivalent in most aspects of intelligence
• The average IQ scores of boys and girls is virtually identical
• The extremes (both low and high ends) are over- represented
by boys
1. Girls as a group:
• Tend to be stronger in verbal fluency, in writing, in
perceptual speed (starting as early as the toddler
years)
2. Boys as a group
• Tend to be stronger in visual-spatial processing, in science, and
in mathematical problem solving (starting as early as age 3)
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Schooling:
• Attending school makes children smarter
– Children from families of low socioeconomic societies
and those from families of high socio economic
societies make comparable gains in school
achievement during the school year

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Poverty:

• The more years children spend in poverty, the lower their IQs
tend to be.
• Children from lower- and working-class homes average 10-15
points below their middle-class age mates on IQ tests
• In many countries, children from wealthier homes score
better on IQ test than children from poorer homes

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Intelligence in Nursing
• Knowledge about intelligence and its measurement is useful in
understanding the nurse herself, her colleagues as well as
patients.
• Nurse’s guidance to the patient would be according to the
patient’s intellectual level.
• Knowledge about intelligence helps the nurse in diagnosing the
mental subnormal or very superior intelligent patient.
• It helps in maintaining empathy but avoid emotional attachment.
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 Intelligence in Nursing
• With a higher level of emotional intelligence, nurses are better
able to adapt and understand the needs of their patients.
• They can also better cope with the stress emotionally
and improve their social skills.
• Knowledge about abnormalities in new born and development
of their intelligence helps the nurse in providing suitable
care.
• In disease related to psychiatric disorders, epilepsy,
assessment
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 References :
• R Sreeveni. (2009). Psychology for nurses. 1st edition. Kundli:
Jaypee brothers medical publishers.
• N.J. Mackintosh. (2011). IQ and human intelligence. 2nd
edition. New York. Oxford university press.
• 2019 StanfordBinetTest.com.

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2. IQ Question

Answer: D
Explanations: 15 is added each number, and D only added 10, while
the other numbers are added 15

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4. IQ Question

Answer: D. 7
Explanation: A (1) + B (3) + c (3) = D
(7)
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 5. IQ Question

The first letters are in alphabetical order with a letter skipped in

between each segment: C, E, G, I, K. The second and third letters
are repeated; they are also in order with a skipped letter: M, O, Q,
S, U.
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6. IQ Question
• All the tulips in Zoe's garden are white.
All the pansies in Zoe's garden are yellow.
All the flowers in Zoe's garden are either
white or yellow.
If the first two statements are true, the
third statement is:
a. True
b. False
c. Uncertain
The first two statements give information about Zoe's tulips and
pansies. Information about any other kinds of flowers cannot
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IQ question
What is wrong in this sentence?
• In a old graveyard in Spain they have discovered a small skull
which they believe to be that of Cristopher Columbus when
he was about 10 years old.

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