Networking Basics

Defining components of the

network
mobile
users
home
office

internet

Branch office
Main Office
Network Structure Defined by
Hierarchy
Core
Layer

Distribution
Layer

Access
Layer
Access Layer Characteristics

Access
Layer

End Station entry point to the network

 Distribution Layer
Characteristics

•Access Layer Aggregation Point

•Routes Traffic
•Broadcast/Multicast Domains
•Media Translation
•Security
•Possible point for remote access
 Core Layer Characteristics

•Fast Transport to enterprise services

•No packet manipulation
TCP/IP Protocol Layers
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

OSI Reference Model

OSI Model Overview
Application Telnet, FTP

Application Layers Presentation JPEG, ASCII

Session Operating System

Transport TCP, UDP, SPX

Network IP, IPX

Data Flow Layers
Data Link HDLC

Physical EIA/TIA-232
V.35
Encapsulating/Decapsulating
Data
Application PDU

Application Layers Presentation PDU

Session PDU

Transport Segment

Network Packet
Data Flow Layers
Data Link Frame

Physical Bits
 Physical Layer Functions
Defines: Media type
Connector Type
Signaling type

• Only one station on a shared Ethernet segment can send a frame at one time but all
Stations receive and look at the frame to determine if it is for them
• All end stations on a segment that hear all the traffic on the wire are in the same
collision domain.
• Station that are in the same collision domain are always in the same broadcast domain
Hubs Operate at Physical Layer

HUBS ARE USED TO EXTEND THE PHYSICAL MEDIA

• All devices in the same collision domain
• All devices in the same broadcast domain
• Devices share the same bandwidth
Hubs: One Collision Domain

• More end stations means more collisions

• CSMA/CD is used
 LAN Physical Layer
Physical Layer Implementations Vary
MODULE TYPE HALF/FULL DUPLEX
Ethernet 10base2 185m max
Coax (802.3) 10base5 500m max
Cat 3,4,5(2-pair) 10BaseT 100/100m
Cat 5 (2-pair)-802.3u 100BaseTX 100/100m

Multimode Fiber 10BaseFL 2/2Km

-802.3u- 100BaseFX 400/2Km

Single Mode Fiber-802.3u-100BaseFX 10/10Km

 UTP device
RJ-45 Connector
PIN WIRE PAIR
1 Pair 3 T2
2 Pair 3 R2
3 Pair 2 T3
4 Pair 1 R1
5 Pair 1 T1
6 Pair 2 R3
7 Pair 4 T4
8 Pair 4 R4

RJ-45 Straight: 1-to-1, 2-to-2 e.t.c.

RJ-45 Crossover: 1-to-3, 2-to-6 e.t.c.
 WAN Physical Layer
Physical Layer Implementations Vary
HDLC PPP FRAME RELAY ISDN BRI (WITH PPP)

EIA/TIA-232 RJ-45
EIA/TIA-449
(greater distance than 232,for same bit rate) Note: Pinouts are
X.21 V.24 V.35 HSSI different than
LAN RJ-45

DTE (Router’s interface) DCE (e.g. modem)

• End of user’s device on • End of the WAN provider’s side
the WAN link (Router’s of the communication facility
interface) • DCE is responsible for clocking
 Data Link Layer Functions
DEFINES:

• Physicalsource and destination addresses

• Network topology
• Frame sequencing
• Flow Control
• Connection-oriented or Connectionless
Data Link Layer Functions (continued)
8 6 6 2 Variable 4

Preamble Destinat Source Length Data FCS

Address Addres
s

MAC ADDRESS

0000.0C XX.XX.XX
IEEE assigned Vendor assigned
MAC Address
Switches and Bridges Operating at
Layer 2

• Each segment (port) has its own collision domain

• ALL segments are in the same broadcast domain
• Layer-2 switching is hardware-based bridging (ASIC)
• Layer-2 bridging is software-based
• Bridges can have up to 16 ports
• One STP/BRIDGE, many STP/switch
• All segments must use the same data link implementation (Ethernet
or token ring for example) otherwise need router for translation
• One device/segment can send frames at the same time
 Internet Layer Overview
Internet Protocol (IP)
Application
Internet Control Message
Transport Protocol (ICMP)

Address Resolution
Internet Protocol (ARP)

Data Link Reverse Address

Resolution Protocol
(RARP)
Physical

OSI network layer corresponds to

the TCP/IP internet layer
 Network Layer Functions
IP Header Source Destination Data
Address Address

Logical Address 172.15.1.1

Two types of Network Layer Packets

• Network Layer Data Packets- Include upper layer control/user data

• Route Discovery/Update Packets- Sent between routers (include information about
e.g. distance between two networks, information for how to reach this network)
• Need to know addressing which usually provide hierarchy in the network
Network Layer Functions (continued)
1.0 3.0
1.2 3.2
1.1 2.1 2.2 3.1

Routing Table Routing Table

Network Interface Metric Network Interface Metric

1 E0 0 1 S0 1
2 S0 0 2 S0 0
4 S0 1 4 E0 0
 Introduction to TCP/IP
Addresses
172.16.0.1
172.18.0.1

172.18.0.2 172.16.0.2
HDR SA DA DATA
10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0
10.13.0.1 172.17.0.1
172.17.0.2 192.168.1.1
 IP Addressing
Address Mask
172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0

10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

NETWORK HOST
IP Addressing
IP Address Classes
IP Address Classses
IP Address Classes
Determining Available Host
Addresses
 Subnet Addressing
172.16.3.5
172.16.2.200

172.16.2.1 E1
172.16.3.100
172.16.2.2

E0
172.16.3.1

172.16.3.150
172.16.2.160

172.16 . 2 . 160
Network Subnet Host
Subnet Mask
Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns
Subnet Mask without Subnets
 Subnet Mask with subnets

• Network Extended by Eight Bits

 Subnet Mask with Subnets

• Network Number extended by ten bits

Broadcast Addresses

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.1.0

172.16.3.255 172.16.2.0
(Directed Broadcast)

255.255.255.255
(Local Network broadcast)

172.16.255.255
(all subnets broadcast)
 Exercise
ADDRESS CLASS NETWORK HOST
10.2.2.1
128.63.2.100
201.222.5.64
192.6.141.2
256.241.201.10
130.113.64.16
 Exercise Subnet Mask
ADDRESS CLASS NETWORK HOST
172.16.2.10 255.255.255.0
10.6.24.20 255.255.240.0
10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0
 Exercise Broadcast address
ADDRESS Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcast
201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248
15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0
128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252
153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128
Finding the IP address of the LAN
 Address Resolution Protocol
I need the Ethernet
address of 176.16.3.2
I heard that
broadcast. The
message is for me.
Here is my Ethernet
address

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 080A.0B20.118C

Map IP MAC

Local ARP
 Reverse ARP
What is my IP
Adress?
I heard that
broadcast. Your IP
address is
172.16.3.25

Ethernet: 080A.0B20.118C IP=???

Ethernet: 080A.0B20.118C
IP: 172.16.3.2

Map MAC IP
What is a Variable-Length Subnet Mask?
172.16.14.32/27
172.16.1.0/24
A 172.16.14.132/30

172.16.14.136/30
172.16.14.64/27
B HQ 172.16.0.0/16

172.16.2.0/24
172.16.14.96/27 172.16.14.140/30
C
 Calculating VLSMs
Derived from the 172.16.32.0/20 Subnet 172.16.32.0/26
172.16.33.0/30

172.16.33.4/30
172.16.32.64/26
HQ

172.16.33.8/30

172.16.32.128/26
Derived from the
172.16.33.0/26 subnet
172.16.33.12/30 172.16.32.192/26
30-bit mask
(2 hosts)
26-bit mask
(62 hosts)
 Exercise: Calculating VLSMs
Using VLSMs, define appropriate subnets for addressing the networks using 192.168.49.0/24

25 Users
A
A
Address for WAN links

A Serial______________
B Serial______________
B C Serial______________
25 users D Serial______________
B HQ E Serial______________
HQ

25 users
C D

25 users
D
E

25 users
E
 What is Route Summarisation?
172.16.25.0/24
I can route to thw
172.16.0.0/16
network

172.16.26.0/24 B
A
Routing Table
172.16.0.0/16

Routing Table
172.16.27.0/24 172.16.25.0/24
172.16.26.0/24
172.16.27.0/24

• Routing protocols can summarize addresses of

several networks into one address
Summarizing within an Octet
Summarizing Addresses in a VLSM
-Designed Network
172.16.128.0/20
172.16.128.0/20
B

172.16.14.64/26
172.16.32.0/24 172.16.0.0/16
Corporate
C A
Network
172.16.14.128/26

172.16.64.0/20

172.16.64.0/20
D
 Implementation Considerations

• Multiple IP addresses must have the same

highest-order bits
• Routing decisions are made based on the
entire address
• Routing protocols must carry the prefix
(subnet mask) length
Route Summarization Operation in Cisco
Routers
172.16.5.33 /33 Host
172.16.5.32 /27 Subnet
172.16.5.0 /24 Network
172.16.0.0 /16 Block of Networks
0.0.0.0 /0 Default

• Supports host-specific routes,

blocks of networks, default routes
• Routers use the longest path
Routers: Operate at the Network
Layer
• Broadcast control
• Multicast control
• Optimal Path
Determination
• Traffic Management
• Logical Addressing
• Connects WAN services
 Transport Layer Functions

• Distinguishes between upper layer applications

• Establishes end-to-end connectivity between applications
• Defines flow control
• Provides reliable/unreliable services for data transfer
 TCP Segment Format
Source Port (16) Destination Port (16)
Sequence Number (32)
Acknowledgement Number (32)
Header Length (4) Reserved (6) Code Bits (6) Window (16)
Checksum (16) Urgent (16)
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Port Numbers

F T S D T S R
T E M N F N I
P L T S T M P
N P P P
E
T
21 23 25 53 69 161 520
TCP UDP
 TCP Port Numbers
Telnet Z Source Port Dest Port ...

Host A Host Z

SP DP
Dest. port = 23.
Send packet to
1028 23 ...
my Telnet
application
TCP Three way Handshake/Open
Connection

Host A Host B

 Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN)

SYN received
 Send SYN, ACK (seq=300
ack=101 ctl=syn, ack)
SYN received

 Established (seq=101
ack=301 ctl=ack)
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Send 1
Send 1

Receive ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Send 2
Send 2
Receive ACK 3
Receive ACK 3

Send 3
Send 3
Receive ACK 4
Receive ACK 4

Window size = 1
TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment
Numbers
Source Port Dest Port Sequence # Acknowledgment # ...

I just got #11,

I just now I need #12
sent #11

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10 100
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
1028 23 100 11
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
1028 23 11 101
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
1028 23 101 12
 TCP Windowing
Window size = 3
Sender Window size = 3 Receiver
Send 1

Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3
Packet 3 is dropped
Window size = 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4
ACK 5
Window size = 2
 UDP Segment Format

Source port (16) Destination Point

Length (16) Checksum (16)
Data (if any)

No sequence or acknowledgment fields